The financial markets are found to be finite Hilbert space, inside which the stocks are displaying their wave-particle duality. The Reynolds number, an age old fluid mechanics theory, has been redefined in investment finance domain to identify possible explosive moments in the stock exchange. CNX Nifty Index, a known index on the National Stock Exchange of India Ltd., has been put to the test under this situation. The Reynolds number (its financial version) has been predicted, as well as connected with plausible behavioral rationale. While predicting, both econometric and machine-learning approaches have been put into use. The primary objective of this paper is to set up an efficient econophysics’ proxy for stock exchange explosion. The secondary objective of the paper is to predict the Reynolds number for the future. Last but not least, this paper aims to trace back the behavioral links as well.

Final goal of the study is to estimate the cost-effectiveness of electrochemotherapy for the treatment of basal-cell carcinoma and skin melanoma. Paper consists of two parts: the first part presents basic principles and concepts of health technology assessment and cost-effectiveness analysis, and the second part reports an early cost-effectiveness analysis of electrochemotherapy for the treatment of basal-cell carcinoma and skin melanoma that we are developing. Few cost-effectiveness analyses of electrochemotherapy have already been done, but with a lack of information about intervention effectiveness in terms of quality of life, which may result in inaccurate or even inadequate conclusions. In order to obtain the most realistic results, two general Markov models and their reduced versions for initial calculations are presented. The models were designed specifically to assess electrochemotherapy of basal-cell carcinoma and skin melanoma. Also, data required for successful calculations have been identified, some of which are missing and will be collected within different studies which are still under way, including randomized control trials. Additionally, recommendations for data collection process and follow-up reporting are made. With this paper we want to raise awareness about the importance of numeric quality of life reporting and usefulness/meaning of EQ-5D questionnaire that might not be self-evident at first sight, but are crucial for cost-effectiveness analysis.

Abstract Blidinje lake is an integral part of the Nature Park Blidinje established in 1995. Blidinje lake is largest mountain lake in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) according to the surface and water supplies. Considering the surface, it is surprising to its low depth and large surface changes. Eutrophication is defined as the ‘biological effect of increasing concentrations of plant nutrients in aquatic ecosystems’. Eutrophication results in increased primary production or the production of aquatic plants. It can adversely affect the suitability of the use of water resources for other purposes. Metabolism of shallow lakes is extremely specific such as classical connections; algal biomass with a load of nutrients in shallow lakes can have catastrophic effects. Nutrients that come directly or indirectly into water lead to increase in the amount of algae as well as changes in the composition of phytoplankton, where there is suppression of diatoms and green algae by cyanobacteria. The values of parameters assessing trophic index (Trophic State Index [TSI]) are total phosphorus, chlorophyll a and transparency. This method that generalises numerous data using mathematical equations allows the expression of trophic level. On the basis of earlier studies on physical and chemical parameters of water quality in Blidinje lake, Carlson trophic index was calculated, and based on that assessment, trophic level is given.

ABSTRACT In this paper we introduce and study the notion of a graded (strongly) nil clean ring which is group graded. We also deal with extensions of graded (strongly) nil clean rings to graded matrix rings and to graded group rings. The question of when nil cleanness of the component, which corresponds to the neutral element of a group, implies graded nil cleanness of the whole graded ring is examined. Similar question is discussed in the case of groupoid graded rings as well.

Summary Delirium is a common complication in hospitalized elderly patients suffering from hip fractures. Considering the growing incidence of delirium, understanding the risk factors for this condition is of great importance. The preoperative prevalence of delirium is approximately 4.4–35.6%, while postoperative prevalence is even higher - 4–53.3%. Various studies have shown the multifactorial etiology of delirium arising from a combination of predisposing and precipitating factors. The aim of this study was to explore these factors, which can contribute to delirium in patients with femoral neck fractures. This case control study included 62 patients diagnosed with femoral neck fractures, with 31 cases and 31 controls. Results have shown that the use of sedatives, especially benzodiazepines, and smoking increase the risk of delirium by five and sixteen times, respectively.

Summary The aim of this study was to investigate problems with the administration of antipsychotic long-acting injections (LAIs) in patients with schizophrenia. Besides many benefits, long-acting injections have been associated with a number of complications at the site of the injection. The qualitative study included four medical workers and five patients who had been treated with fluphenazine, haloperidol, risperidone given in the form of a long-acting depot injection. The data were collected by direct observation, analysis of the history of the disease and used semi-structured interview. Interviews completed by patients, psychiatrists and nurses were analyzed and condensed into nine key categories: Competence and training of the medical workers, Sites and technique, Registration of complications, Care of patients and privacy, Availability and evidence, Duration and frequency of treatment, Burden for the patients, The choice of formulation therapy, and Sense of stigma. Monitoring of side-effects of LAIs was not extensive and doctors did not write adverse effects. The nurses who administered the injections were competent. Not enough attention is paid to the choice of the needle diameter and the patient was not given a choice to decide on the sites of the administraton of injection. Three out of five patients did not feel any changes at the injection site, but another patient had severe pain, redness, and induration. The exchange of information, a possibility of choosing the site of administration, and monitoring of the effects of treatment are all positive strategies that doctors and nurses can use to help patients in the compliance to the treatment with antipsychotic long-acting injections.

Abstract Non-pharmacological treatment including diet, body weight reduction, smoking cessation and physical activity, is very important part of hypertension treatment. The objective of this study was to investigate the adherence to healthy lifestyle behavior in the representative sample of the older hypertensive patients, and to investigate factors associated with adherence in the studied older population. The study was conducted on random sample of 362 long term hypertensive (> five years) patients older than 65 years of age, at Health Care Center of Kragujevac. Adherence was assessed using the structured questionnaire for the analysis of the implementation of both hypertension and diabetes guidelines in the primary care. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. Nearly 35% of examined patients were highly adherent; they exercised regularly, avoided smoking for at least five years and consumed special healthy diet prescribed for hypertension. Another 35.6% of the cases reported exercising regularly, 39.5% followed the recommended diet for the hypertension, while 23.4% of the patients have still consumed cigarettes. Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that received counseling on healthy lifestyle behaviors by physicians and lack of education predicted high adherence to healthy lifestyle behavior. In order to improve adherence of elderly hypertensive patients to healthy lifestyle, strengthening patient-physician relationships through efforts to enhance communication may be a promising strategy to enhance patients’ engagement in healthy lifestyle behaviors for hypertension. Such an improvement could be achieved through the education of both the physicians and patients.

Abstract Radiotherapy is a frequently prescribed and highly effective form of treatment of oncology patients. However, many patients feel rational or irrational fear of the application of radiotherapy, which may provoke mental and physical stress, anxiety, growing anger and hostility, thus reducing quality of life. The aim of this study was to develop, reliability test and validate a questionnaire for assessing the level of fear of radiotherapy in oncology patients. We performed a prospective qualitative study based on the development, validation and reliability testing of the questionnaire developed for assessing radiotherapy-caused fear in oncology patients treated in the Centre for Oncology and Radiology, Department of Radiotherapy, Clinical Centre Kragujevac. The study included 154 patients and the final version of the questionnaire integrated 15 questions. After the elimination of inappropriate questions the Cronbach coefficient α was 0.946. The questionnaire consists of two factors which represent 57.423% and 6.925%, making a total of 64.348% of the variance of the questionnaire. The results of our study show that the questionnaire used is a unique, reliable and valid instrument for assessing the level of fear of radiotherapy in oncology patients the application of which will allow us to identify patients with elevated levels of fear of radiotherapy.

Aims: The aim of this study was to compare the risk factors and prevalence of vascular calcification (VC) in pre-dialysis and hemodialysis (HD) patients with Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) or other kidney diseases (non-BEN). Materials and Methods: The study involved 115 patients, 32 pre-dialysis and 83 HD patients, separated into groups of BEN and non-BEN patients. In addition to interviews, objective examinations and laboratory analyses, VC was assessed using Adragao score. Results: Patients with BEN were significantly older in both groups, while pre-dialysis BEN patients had significantly lower systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol and phosphorus levels, but higher urinary excretion of phosphorus than non-BEN patients. These differences were lost in HD groups. In pre-dialysis patients, prevalence of VC was lower in BEN than in non-BEN group and mean VC score differed significantly between them (2.8 (1.7) vs. 4.6 (1.8); p = 0.009). No significant difference in VC score was found between BEN and non-BEN patients on HD. Multivariate analysis showed that in pre-dialysis patients VC score >4 was associated with lower iPTH and higher serum cholesterol level, but in the HD group with higher serum triglyceride level and longer HD vintage. Conclusions: Lower prevalence of risk factors for VC in the BEN than non-BEN patients was found in pre-dialysis but not in HD group and this was reflected in the prevalence and severity of VC in the groups. Prevalence of VC and mean VC score were significantly lower in pre-dialysis BEN than in non-BEN patients but not for those on HD.