In Bosnia and Herzegovina some rural municipalities with similar population density are very different regarding key demographic and economic indicators like migration, unemployment and average wages. According to the existing studies in Europe the answer for differential economic performance is firstly in the potential of local community to recognize, strengthen and utilize less mobile assets in the form of economic, social, cultural and natural capital. Secondly, researchers point to the synergy between those assets and external networking and using information and communications technology in reaching new markets and resources. Understanding the reasons for differential economic performance and more or less competitiveness in rural areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina could thus be a key element in devising practical strategies and programs for sustainable rural development. This could also contribute to the programming of Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance for Rural Development of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the future. The aim of the study is by comparing the most and least developed rural municipalities to investigate the reasons for the differences in economic performance, in particular, to investigate the role of capitals or tangible and less tangible factors influencing development outcomes. In order to achieve that, the authors have chosen high and low performing municipalities according to the criteria of population density, rurality and proximity to large city. In order to have more clear picture, community profiling is conducted and data was collected by surveying community stakeholders. The analysis showed that in high performing municipality all capitals are accessible and properly utilized with space for improvement while low performing municipality has many problems and higher need for change and new strategy of development.

The subject of this paper refers to the current obstacles to the development of women's entrepreneurship in B&H: namely, the obstacles arising from the impact of gender roles on women's entrepreneurship, barriers arising from missing entrepreneurial knowledge and skills, barriers relating to the source of capital and establishment procedures and the obstacles that result from inhibiting factors. The overall purpose of this research was to identify the scientific method and clarify the current obstacles to the development of women’s entrepreneurship in B&H, in order to be on the basis of research results identify concrete measures to reduce unemployment. In order to identify the key obstacles to the development of women entrepreneurship in B&H, the methodology is based on primary research, in which data are collected by the method of written tests using a structured questionnaire. Based on consultation with relevant theoretical sources and the empirical research, the main conclusion of this study is that access to finance and advisory services, entrepreneurial skills and administrative services are basic factors limiting the development of female entrepreneurship in B&H.

INTRODUCTION Use of intravenous heroin carries a risk of serious medical conditions, including acquiring blood-borne infections. Therefore, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represent a threat for people who inject drugs (PWID). The objectives of this study were to determine the extent and characteristics of risk factors for acquiring HBV and HCV infection in PWID included in opiate substitution treatment in the southern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). METHODOLOGY The study included 120 adult PWID of both sexes who participated in opiate substitution treatment. All participants were interviewed, and their blood samples were tested for the presence of the surface hepatitis B virus antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis C virus antibodies (anti-HCV). Prevalence data were obtained and compared to the serological status. RESULTS HBsAg prevalence among PWID was 0.8% (1/120), whereas seroprevalence of anti-HCV was 52.5% (63/120). PWID exposed to risk-behavior factors (such as unsafe sexual activity, serving prison sentence, and tattooing) were more frequently anti-HCV positive. Sharing drug paraphernalia was found to be the most significant risk factor. The highest predictive values for acquiring HCV-infection were attributed to PWID who used heroin for more than three years and who were unmarried. CONCLUSIONS HBsAg prevalence among PWID is rare (0.8%), while HCV-infection (52.5%) presents an important health and social issue among PWID in B&H. Sharing drug paraphernalia and intravenous heroin use longer than three years were the most prominent risk-behavior factors among the patients we investigated.

Contemporary theoretical concepts in architecture are almost unimaginable without new perceptions of the importance of cultural identity. Today, this very sensitive question deserves careful attention, especially in small countries, in which transitional processes are still present. Importance of the architecture in this process is invaluable. Architecture visualizes values of a culture by its formal sensations. That characteristic guides us to perceive development and upgrade the cultural identity from two positions – through both the implications of place and time. In specific complexity the cultural identity of Bosnia and Herzegovina was created out of sources susceptible to the various influences as well as reshaped, embodying social awareness. In this context, an analytical model is constructed for the purpose of finding answers to burning questions in which way architecture and urban forms influence the shaping of the cultural identities of societies in transition and how this cultural identity becomes locally and globally sustainable.

<p style="text-align: justify;">Mixed-mode fracture in delamination test utilizing double cantilever specimens loaded with bending moments is investigated in the paper. FEM simulations are performed using cohesive zone model where different configurations of test loadings and two critical fracture energy values, ie. two fracture process zone lengths, are considered. Fracture energy partitioning is performed and fracture mode-mixity is determined using simulation results, i.e. mode I and mode II fracture parts in total fracture energy are calculated. The fracture mode-mixities numerically determined for different configurations are compared with results obtained using two analytical fracture energy partitioning theories, according to Williams and to Hutchinson and Suo. An excellent agreement between numerical and the analytical results is observed.</p>

Substance use and misuse (SUM) in adolescence is a significant public health problem and the extent to which adolescents exhibit SUM behaviors differs across ethnicity. This study aimed to explore the ethnicity-specific and gender-specific associations among sports factors, familial factors, and personal satisfaction with physical appearance (i.e., covariates) and SUM in a sample of adolescents from Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In this cross-sectional study the participants were 1742 adolescents (17–18 years of age) from Bosnia and Herzegovina who were in their last year of high school education (high school seniors). The sample comprised 772 Croatian (558 females) and 970 Bosniak (485 females) adolescents. Variables were collected using a previously developed and validated questionnaire that included questions on SUM (alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, and consumption of other drugs), sport factors, parental education, socioeconomic status, and satisfaction with physical appearance and body weight. The consumption of cigarettes remains high (37% of adolescents smoke cigarettes), with a higher prevalence among Croatians. Harmful drinking is also alarming (evidenced in 28.4% of adolescents). The consumption of illicit drugs remains low with 5.7% of adolescents who consume drugs, with a higher prevalence among Bosniaks. A higher likelihood of engaging in SUM is found among children who quit sports (for smoking and drinking), boys who perceive themselves to be good looking (for smoking), and girls who are not satisfied with their body weight (for smoking). Higher maternal education is systematically found to be associated with greater SUM in Bosniak girls. Information on the associations presented herein could be discretely disseminated as a part of regular school administrative functions. The results warrant future prospective studies that more precisely identify the causality among certain variables.

Nowadays, we are witnessing the rapid development of medicine and various methods that are used for early detection of diseases. In order to make quality decisions in diagnosis and prevention of disease, various decision support systems based on machine learning methods have been introduced in the medical domain. Such systems play an increasingly important role in medical practice. This paper presents a new web framework concept for disease prediction. The proposed framework is object-oriented and enables online prediction of various diseases. The framework enables online creation of different autonomous prediction models depending on the characteristics of diseases. Prediction process in the framework is based on a hybrid Case Based Reasoning classifier. The framework was evaluated on disease datasets from public repositories. Experimental evaluation shows that the proposed framework achieved high diagnosis accuracy.

Prion diseases show remarkable clinical and neuropathological heterogeneity. All reported cases with definite variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) were homozygous at PRNP codon 129. Heterozygosity at codon 219 has been shown to be protective against sporadic CJD (sCJD). Copy number variants (CNVs) are a novel source of genetic variability associated with susceptibility to neuropsychiatric disorders. Aims: Hypotheses tested: · The clinico-pathological phenotype of prion disease is modified by investigation findings, co-deposition of amyloid beta, tau proteins and/or candidate genetic variation. · The MRC Scale can be used for analysis of disease progression in CJD · Copy number variation alters the risk of prion disease in the UK and Papua New Guinea (PNG) Methods: Case reports illustrated genetic susceptibility and phenotypic heterogeneity. The MRC Scale was used to assess disease progression and study power in sCJD. Real-time PCR and gene sequencing were used to assess the role of candidate genes in clinico-pathological heterogeneity. GWAS were used to assess the role of CNVs as susceptibility loci to prion diseases. Results: Two patients with vCJD were heterozygous at codon 219. The MRC scale could be administered daily requiring only 90 patients to provide sufficient study power. Amyloid-β deposition was significantly influenced by APOE e4 haplotype in definite sCJD. Prion protein and hyperphosphorylated tau deposition were influenced by MAPTH1c haplotype. CNV duplications at chromosome 10 and 14 were significantly enriched in cases when compared to controls. The finding was confirmed using real-time PCR but was not replicated in the German cohort. Analysis using Penn CNV revealed a nominally significant association of CNV deletion at PARK2 gene. Conclusion: Heterozygosity at codon 219 is protective against sCJD but may confer susceptibility to vCJD. Patient stratification and assessments using MRC Scale allowed adequate study power to justify future therapeutic trials. MAPTH1c haplotype played a role in both prion and tau protein deposition. Chromosome 10 and 14 duplications and deletion at PARK2 gene may play a role in prion disease susceptibility.

Payers are a major stakeholder in any considerations and initiatives concerning adaptive licensing of new medicinal products, also referred to as Medicines Adaptive Pathways to patients (MAPPs). Firstly, the scope and necessity of MAPPs need further scrutiny, especially with regard to the definition of unmet need. Conditional approval pathways already exist for new medicines for seriously debilitating or life-threatening diseases and only a limited number of new medicines are innovative. Secondly, MAPPs will result in new medicines on the market with limited evidence about their effectiveness and safety. Additional data are to be collected after approval. Consequently, adaptive pathways may increase the risk of exposing patients to ineffective or unsafe medicines. We have already seen medicines approved conventionally that subsequently proved ineffective or unsafe amongst a wider, more co-morbid population as well as medicines that could have been considered for approval under MAPPs but subsequently proved ineffective or unsafe in Phase III trials and were never licensed. Thirdly, MAPPs also put high demands on payers. Routine collection of patient level data is difficult with high transaction costs. It is not clear who will fund these. Other challenges for payers include shifts in the risk governance framework, implications for evaluation and HTA, increased complexity of setting prices, difficulty with ensuring equity in the allocation of resources, definition of responsibility and liability and implementation of stratified use. Exit strategies also need to be agreed in advance, including price reductions, rebates, or reimbursement withdrawals when price premiums are not justified. These issues and concerns will be discussed in detail including potential ways forward.

Anaerobic abilities is the dominant activity in submaximal and maximal intensity. Conditioned by the good functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, morphological status, metabolism, muscle structure, etc. The research has conducted with the aim of evaluating fatique index of students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports. The sample included a total of 50 male students from Eastern Sarajevo and Niksic (age 21±0,5years, the average weight 78,05±8,14kg). For the evaluation of fatique index of students applied to the Running Anaerobic Sprint Test  (RAST). The results showed values of anaerobic capacity of students who ''are expected'' for this population. Average index of fatigue was recorded with students (FI=8,00 watts/sec) and max.value about 17watts/sec  suggesting a weaker state of anaerobic capacity or lower tolerance to lactate, despite the fact that it is a physically active population