Eryngium amethystinum L is a plant which grows in Balkan and Apennine peninsulas. The aerial parts, roots and fruits are used in ethnopharmacology of Italy and Western Balkan countries. Traditional preparations of E amethystinum were used in treatment of oedema, malaria and gastrointestinal diseases. Essential oils and extracts were isolated from aerial parts and roots of E amethystinum and examined by antimicrobial, antioxidative and cytotoxic assays. Gas-chromatography analysis showed predominance of germacrene D and spathulenol in essential oils of E amethystinum aerial parts, which have contributed to strong cytotoxic activity, while the methanolic extract exhibited strong antioxidative and antimicrobial activity. This article summarises all existing knowledge regarding E amethystinum, its chemical composition and pharmacological activity.

Background: According to laws on health care in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and AKAZ standards hospital health care includes a set of measures, activities and procedures, which are undertaken with the aim of diagnosing, treating and medically rehabilitating patients in appropriate inpatient health care institutions. Objective: The aim of this study was to explain influence of appropriate helath management standards for hospital healthcare activities and diagnostic services in the praxis. Methods: We used published books and papers with health management standards and also AKAZ standards for our description. Results and Discussion: Acute hospitalization according to the standards of the World Health Organization treats acute disease states or acute exacerbation of chronic diseases with a shorter duration of treatment. This type of hospitalization is carried out in: general, cantonal and clinical hospitals. General hospitals provide basic hospital care in general internal medicine, pediatrics, general surgery, gynecology and obstetrics and diagnostics for this level. Cantonal hospitals provide healthcare services in basic specializations, namely: pediatrics, pneumophthisiology, neurology, psychiatry, infectology, dermatovenerology, internal medicine, medical rehabilitation and physiatry, surgery, urology, orthopedics, otorhinolaryngology, ophthalmology, gynecology and obstetrics. Clinical centers provide services from a wide range of subspecialties, where the most modern diagnostic and therapeutic methods and equipment are used for diagnosis and treatment in these centers, and at the same time, clinical centers are also educational bases for individual clinical disciplines: cardiology, gastroenterology, nephrology, endocrinology, nuclear medicine, pneumophthisiology, hematology, neurology, psychiatry, pediatrics, infectology, dermatovenerology, oncology, angiology, neurosurgery, abdominal surgery, urology, thoracic surgery, orthopedics, reconstructive and plastic surgery, vascular surgery, ophthalmology, otorhinolaryngology, transplantology, cardiac surgery, children\'s surgery, toxicology, gynecology, obstetrics and emergency medicine. Conclusion: Health management aims to fulfill the task of meeting the needs of users of the health system in the process of providing services. The belief that good management is the key to the success of any company, school, development program, or health institution has led to the development of management as a field in recent years

Background: Relationship between preoperative anemia (PA) and postoperative delirium (POD) is not still completely clear and totally proven for surcigally treated patients. This study tries to unveil that connection in patient surgically treated for colorectal cancer (CRC). Objective: The aim of this study is to examine relationship between PA and POD in patients surgically treated for CRC and improve preoperative preparation and recognition of critical risk groups of patients for POD. Methods: Out of 62 patient were analysed in prospective method. All patient have been operated for CRC in Surgical clinic of University clinical centre Tuzla from june until december of 2024. Patients were divided in 2 groups depending on presence of PA. Presence of PA is defined as blood hemoglobin concentration (HGB) lower than 130 g/L (<13 g/dL) or hematocrite (HCT) lower than 39% in grown up men and HGB <120 g/L (<12 g/dL) or HCT<37% in grown up women. Incidence of POD was observed and noted postoperatively. POD was diagnosed and confirmed with CAM test (Confusion Assessment Method), which was done inside first 2 hours after surgery and patient extubation. Noted datas were analysed with descriptive and analytic statistic methods. Results: POD incidence was 27% (17/62) on the first postoperative day. After analysis statitically significant realtionship was found between PA and POD (ρ=0.324; p<0.05). Realised corellation is on the significance level of 0.05 (95%), it has positive direction and waek intensity. POD occurs 4,5 times more often in patients with PA. (OR= 4,500; 95% IP: 1.355–14.944). Conclusion: PA is connected with increased number of patients with POD who have been surgically treated for CRC. PA can be defined as one important preoperative risk factor that affect onset of POD . Identification of all preoperative risk factors and its correction represent best way of POD prevention.

Background: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute, immune-mediated post-infectious polyradiculoneuropathy usually presenting with symmetrical ascending weakness, diminished deep tendon reflexes, and non-specific sensory symptoms. GBS is in essence an autoimmune disorder, and the underlying mechanism is thought to result from so-called molecular mimicry. This hypothesis is further supported by approximately 2/3 of the patients having a preceding infection. In most cases, the infectious trigger occurs in the gastrointestinal or respiratory tract, with the disease manifesting within four weeks. Even though it most commonly affects children aged 1 to 5 years old, there are rare cases reported in neonates and infants. Case Presentation: We report a case of a 6-month-old infant with Guillain-Barré syndrome following a respiratory infection. The diagnosis was confirmed through cerebrospinal fluid analysis, EMNG, spine MRI, and clinical assessment. Positive human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) in cerebrospinal fluid suggested a potential infectious trigger. The infant was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and ganciclovir, requiring intensive care and mechanical ventilation. Recovery involved gradual neurological improvement and restored motor function over 30 days. Conclusion: GBS is a rare disorder, especially in children and requires multidisciplinary management to prevent complications from occurring and thereby improve the prognosis of patients. Upon arrival at the emergency department, all patients should be carefully evaluated, looking for autonomic and respiratory dysfunction signs. Generally, pediatric patients have a better prognosis compared to adults. Initiation of treatment in the early stages of the disease leads to a faster recovery and consequently fewer sequelae.

Background: The basic model of a neural network is the physical structure of the human brain. The idea is simple: if a sufficiently powerful artificial network of synapses is created, the results of functioning similar to the human brain can be expected . Neural network or neurocomputer is one form of artificial intelligence system implementation, which represents a system consisting of a certain number of interconnected processors or nodes, or process elements that we call artificial neurons. Objective: The aim of this article was to draw attention to the necessity of taking about a detailed history of neural networks which are based on copying information processing in synaptic networks in neurons and synapses in the brain. Methods: The author searched scientific literature: the books and published papers deposited in index databases as source for description and explanation the architecture of a neural networks and its represents a specific connection of neurons into a single unit. Resuls and Discussion: The structure of a neural network differs in the number of layers. The first layer is called the input layer, and the last is the output layer, while the layers in between are called hidden layers. Most often, there are three of them. The first layer, or the input layer, is the only layer that receives data from the external environment, the next (hidden) layer forwards the relevant data to the third (output) layer. At the output of the third layer, we get the final result. More complex neural networks have more hidden layers. The layers are fully interconnected. Layers communicate by connecting the output of each neuron from the previous layer to the inputs of all neurons in the next layer. So, each node has several inputs and one output. The strength of the connections by which the neurons are connected is called the weight factor. Conclusion: In the past several books were written and several companies dealing with neurocomputers were founded. The computers were able to successfully adjust the weight coefficients, did not achieve significant practical results. Although neural networks have had an unusual history, they are still in an stage of development. Today, neural networks find a very wide range of applications in various practical areas.

Background: Thyroid hormones are essential regulators of energy expenditure, thermogenesis, and body composition. Although overt thyroid dysfunction is well known to alter basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body mass, emerging evidence suggests that even hormonal variations within the reference range may exert measurable effects on metabolic and body composition profiles. Women of reproductive age represent a population particularly sensitive to hormonal oscillations due to the interplay between endocrine, reproductive, and cardiometabolic health. Objective: The study aimed to a) analyze thyroid hormone levels (TSH, FT3, FT4) alongside anthropometric and body composition parameters in women of reproductive age; b) examine thyroid hormone levels, BMR, and body composition parameters across age groups; and c) investigate associations of thyroid hormones with BMR, body composition components, and unfavorable body composition patterns (visceral adiposity, elevated metabolic age, obesity) as well as metabolic indicators.. Methods: A total of 117 women aged 18–45 years were included in this cross-sectional, observational study conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina between September 2023 and November 2024. Thyroid hormone levels were measured using electrochemiluminescence assays, while body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Statistical analyses included descriptive methods, Pearson’s correlation, and Chi-square testing, with significance set at p<0.05. Results: TSH showed significant positive associations with fat-free mass, muscle mass, and BMR (p<0.05). FT3 was inversely correlated with metabolic age and visceral fat, while FT4 demonstrated weak negative associations with fat-free mass and metabolic age (p<0.05). Significant age-related differences were observed in fat percentage, fat mass, BMI, visceral fat, and metabolic age, with the most unfavorable profiles in women aged 31–40 years. Conclusion: Thyroid hormones, even within the reference range, are associated with body composition and metabolic parameters in women of reproductive age. Their role as early indicators of unfavorable metabolic patterns highlights potential implications for reproductive and cardiovascular risk assessment.

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of non-conventional techniques in extracting phenolic compounds from tobacco agro-industrial waste. Two fractions of tobacco waste obtained from Virovitički Duhani dd (solid waste and dust) were subjected to ultrasound and subcritical water in a wide temperature range, treatment times and various liquid-solid ratios to determine the changes in the content of phenolic compounds and antiradical activity. Analysis of extracts was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography and spectrophotometric methods. Results showed that UAE is preferable in phenolic compound separation. In contrast, phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid and rutin) were degraded during SWE, which may have increased the amount of undesirable breakdown products or beneficial simple phenolic compounds.

Electron beam radiotherapy is a teletherapy technique utilizing megavoltage electron beams produced by a linear accelerator. These electrons interact with tissue, reaching their maximum dose at shallow depths and rapidly decreasing beyond the target area, minimizing radiation exposure to distal tissues and organs. The clinical application of high-energy electron beams (up to 20 MeV) allows for effective treatment of superficial tumors while preserving deeper healthy tissues. Due to these advantages, electron beam therapy plays a crucial role in both human and veterinary oncology. In veterinary oncology, radiotherapy has become an essential modality for tumor treatment, with two primary techniques: teletherapy and brachytherapy. Teletherapy, including electron beam radiation, is the most commonly used approach in veterinary radiotherapy, offering significant advantages in treating superficial tumors while minimizing radiation exposure to surrounding healthy tissues. Recent studies highlight the growing role of electron beam therapy in the management of tumors in dogs and cats, particularly for oral tumors, soft tissue sarcomas, mast cell tumors, nasal carcinomas, and brain tumors. Additionally, hypofractionated radiation protocols (8–10 Gy per fraction, with total doses of 16–30 Gy) have been explored for palliative treatment in companion animals with short life expectancy, where the risk of late radiation side effects is low. This technique provides symptom relief and improves the quality of life for affected animals. Despite advancements in veterinary radiotherapy, treatment outcomes depend on factors such as total radiation dose, fractionation schedule, and tumor type. While electron beam radiotherapy has demonstrated efficacy in various oncological applications, further studies are needed to optimize treatment protocols and enhance long-term tumor control while minimizing adverse effects.

Cytokines are polypeptides or glycopeptides involved in intercellular communication, functioning as key mediators alongside hormones and neurotransmitters. Acting through specific receptors, cytokines regulate gene activation, influencing cellular function and phenotype. Their activity is modulated by inhibitors that control biological effects and cellular responses. Classified based on function, cytokines include growth factors, proinflammatory cytokines, and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 play a crucial role in inflammation, mediating immune responses, fever, and metabolic changes. They induce leukocyte activation, protein catabolism, and alterations in endocrine function, contributing to immune regulation and systemic effects. Additionally, cytokines influence metabolism by modulating nutrient absorption, energy balance, and acute-phase protein synthesis. This review highlights the fundamental properties, classification, and biological effects of cytokines, emphasizing their central role in immune function, metabolism, and inflammation. Understanding cytokine interactions is essential for developing therapeutic strategies targeting immune and inflammatory disorders.

The efficient functioning of the repo market and repo operations is of essential importance for the financial stability and monetary policy of the country, but on the other hand, excessive use of the repo market can affect the increase of systemic risk, which was demonstrated during the recent financial crisis. The main goal of this research is to investigate the scientific and professional literature in the field of repo transactions, and to analyze the development of repo transactions on the EU market, as well as the current level of development of repo transactions on the financial market in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the stability of repo transactions for commercial banks and other participants in order to maintain liquidity on the repo market.