In spine deformity surgery, iatrogenic neurologic injuries might occur due to the mechanical force applied to the spinal cord from implants, instruments, and bony structures, or due to ischemic changes from vessel ligation during exposure and cord distraction/compression during corrective manoeuvres. Prompt reaction within the reversible phase (reducing of compressive/distractive forces) usually restores functionality of the spinal cord, but if those forces continue to persist, a permanent neurological deficit might be expected. With monitoring of sensory pathways (dorsal column–medial lemniscus) by somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEPs), such events are detected with a sensitivity of up to 92%, and a specificity of up to 100%. The monitoring of motor pathways by transcranial electric motor-evoked potentials (TceMEPs) has a sensitivity and a specificity of up to 100%, but it requires avoidance of halogenated anaesthetics and neuromuscular blockades. Different modalities of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM: SSEP, TceMEP, or combined) can be performed by the neurophysiologist, the technician or the surgeon. Combined SSEP/TceMEP performed by the neurophysiologist in the operating room is the preferable method of IONM, but it might be impractical or unaffordable in many institutions. Still, many spine deformity surgeries worldwide are performed without any type of IONM. Medicolegal aspects of IONM are different worldwide and in many cases some vagueness remains. The type of IONM that a spinal surgeon employs should be reliable, affordable, practical, and recognized by the medicolegal guidelines. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:9-16. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.180032

Abstract Employment has been identified at the top of the list of young people’s concerns across Europe. Given the fact that in Bosnia and Herzegovina youth is one of the most vulnerable group, mainly due to the high unemployment rate, the main goal of this paper to determine the key individual and household characteristics of young people that influence their employment probability in order to support further development of decision-making policies in the labour market of Bosnia and Herzegovina. By using the USAID MEASURE-BiH National Youth Survey data set we analyse the effects of various individual and household characteristics on the probability of youth employment in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The analysis has revealed that education, age, gender and certain household characteristics have an impact on the probability of youth employment. The paper is expected to produce useful pieces of information that might be helpful for government decision-makers in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the process of creating employment policies to support young people.

We thank dr Yuanjun Dong for his interest in our publication.1 Dr Dong points out that previous and current stressful life events mod‐ ulate gastrointestinal (GI) symptom severity and quality of life (QoL) in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS),2 which is indeed based on recent findings.3 In addition, we would like to note that abdominal pain is the predominant symptom in IBS, as per Rome IV definition. The primary treatment outcome for IBS in clinical tri‐ als, in accordance with FDA and EMA requirements, is reduction in daily abdominal pain.4 Whether a successful treatment, based on these criteria, improves patients’ life satisfaction and QoL remains an item of debate. In the current study, we performed an extensive prospective evaluation of the natural course of IBS which included demographics, gastrointestinal symptoms, symptoms of anxiety and depression, GI‐specific anxiety, satisfaction with life, and QoL. With regard to QoL, we showed among others that general anxiety and depression levels at follow‐up were independently associated with mental quality of life scores at the same time point. Furthermore, no associations were found between GI symptom severity, including abdominal pain, and the change in QoL scores over time.1 With regard to a possible interaction between GI symptoms and stress, in Table 1 we provide data on specific questions and answers from the database of Maastricht IBS cohort regarding the patients’ perspective on this matter. No statistically significant differences were found between Rome‐positive and Rome‐negative IBS patients at follow‐up. However, the current understanding on the relationship between abdominal pain and stress, whether current or related to life events, may be limited by the methods used to assess these factors. Traditionally, data from retrospective reports have been used to de‐ scribe this relationship, but it is known that these questionnaires are limited by recall and ecological bias.4 We therefore believe that the best available method to study the relationship between GI symp‐ toms, comorbid psychological complaints, and daily life stress is re‐ peated momentary symptom assessment.5 Such methodology has been used recently to assess the temporal relationship between ab‐ dominal pain and (preceding) daily life stress.6 We have developed and are currently validating specific questionnaires based on experience sampling method (ESM) which may provide additional leads in this matter.7 In a recently completed study, we demonstrate that real‐time stress scores are positively associated with concurrent abdominal pain scores in IBS, but not in healthy subjects, whereas abdominal pain could not be predicted by preceding stress levels, and vice versa, suggesting an in‐the‐moment rather than a longitudinal association.8 Taken together, we postulate that reduction in abdominal pain is not necessarily accompanied by long‐term improvement in quality of life in patients with IBS. This may indicate that the primary treat‐ ment focus in IBS should shift from solely abdominal pain reduction and improvement of bowel habits, toward a holistic approach, which includes quality of life, comorbid psychological symptoms, and im‐ provement of coping strategies with regard to GI symptoms as well as daily life stress. However, the evidence to support a change in the approach of IBS management is still inconclusive, and further research is needed.

Abstract Paper discusses financial inclusion of youth focussing on effects of remittances on financial inclusion of youth (usage of debit card, credit card, savings and borrowing instruments) in South East Europe. It is argued that remittances, as stable sources of income (capital), contribute to savings and lead to an improvement in financial inclusion of individuals who receive remittances. We test our hypothesis that remittances contribute to increase in savings and in the level of financial inclusion of youth in South East European countries. We estimate probit regression models with a set of dummy dependent variables for financial inclusion: having a debit card, having a credit card, borrowing and savings, and regress them on receipt of remittances controlling for age, gender, education and income level. Results show negative impact of remittances on youth financial inclusion in selected countries with respect to having debit card, credit card and borrowing. On the other hand, results show positive effect of remittances on savings among youth that receive remittances.

Bihaćka krajina je, kao sjeverozapadna regija Bosne i Hercegovine, tokom 20. stoljeća bila zahvaćena krupnim historijskim kretanjima koja su u većoj ili manjoj mjeri odredila njenu prošlost. Dio promjena se reflektirao iz ukupnih društveno-političkih, vojnih privrednih i kulturnih tokova bosanskohercegovačke zbilje, dok su neke od njih lokalnog karaktera i ukazuju na osobenosti krajine. Historiografska literatura, nastala u posljednje gotovo dvije decenije, pokazatelj je istraženosti ovog područja u pojedinim bitnim segmentima. U radu je cilj ukazati na historiografsku literaturu i objavljene izvore o Bihaćkoj krajini, s fokusom na periode prijelomnih događaja i procesa koji su obilježili prošlost ovog kraja u 20. stoljeću. U tom smislu je riječ o interesu naučnih i stručnih krugova koji su svoja istraživanja usmjerili na početak 20. stoljeća, odnosno austrougarski period, zatim Drugi svjetski rat i događaje iz socijalističkog razdoblja koji su regiju sjeverozapadne Bosne i Hercegovine doveli u središte pažnje šire javnosti ili zainteresirali historičare. Izdvojena su djela i radovi čiji su autori primarni tematski okvir istraživanja usmjerili na prošlost ovog geografskog područja i istraživanja koja tretiraju širi kontekst bosanskohercegovačke prošlosti, ali u svojim okvirima sadrže značajne podatke za sjeverozapadnu Bosnu. Za ratni period 1992–1995. ukazuje se na dostupne objavljene historijske izvore i memoarske zapise. Razlog izostavljanja literature je pojačan interes za ratnom prošlošću nakon 1990-ih, gdje je došlo do produkcije literature većeg obima koja bi zahtijevala detaljniju historiografsku analizu, što bi činilo zaseban istraživački rad na tu temu.

The inhibition of copper corrosion by Helichrysum italicum extract (HI) in simulated acid rain was investigated using electrochemical techniques. Results indicate an increase in corrosion inhibition efficiency with the HI extract concentration. The inhibitive process was assumed to occur via adsorption of the extract on the metal surface. The thermodynamic data indicated physical adsorption and followed the Freundlich isotherm. The effect of temperature on the copper corrosion was studied. The value of the activation energy confirmed physisorption of extract molecules on the copper surface. The concentration of Cu ions released into solution, measured by atomic absorption spectrometry, was in accordance with the electrochemical results.

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