Since Bosnia and Herzegovina’s declaration of independence in 1995, its path has been a rocky one. Unwillingness by the international community to stand by the central government and stand in the way of the neighboring states of Serbia and Croatia’s territorial pretensions, produced a succession of ceasefire agreements, culminating in the final, Dayton Peace Agreement. Each of these agreements espoused the ethnic principle as the guiding philosophy for the organization of the state. The post-war period demonstrates that despite the passage of time, the principle of organization of multi-ethnic state along ethnic lines presents a stumbling block to the functioning of the political, economic and social life in the country. The political history of post-independence Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) therefore reads as a history of protracted political paralysis, with no hope of rectifying the problems without another forceful intervention of the international community.

Remaining true to the spirit and logic of the war-torn territories, the Dayton Peace Agreement highlights the interdependence of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s (B&H) 'local' problems with the wider region’s problems,  and indeed, global problems. 25 years after the signing of the Dayton Peace Agreement, we have gained a democracy without a people, a democracy with MP’s defined by their ethnicity, who, at their discretion, interpret the will of the people and dispose of the mandate entrusted to them by their convictions. This paper aims to open up the question of whether the Dayton Constitution alienated B&H’s citizens from their political community. Pointing to the process of alienation from citizenship, which is, among other things, caused by a constitutional architecture that does not conceive of the citizen as an abstract category, the author focuses more on the conditions in which voters are denied real political participation. In theoretical terms, this participation would mean not only resistance to ethnonationalism, but also the creation of opportunities for citizens to unite and make political-strategic, and long-term decisions important for the future of B&H.

Abstract Objectives The WHO Access, Watch and Reserve (AWaRe) classification has been developed to support countries and hospitals in promoting rational use of antibiotics while improving access to these essential medicines. We aimed to describe patterns of worldwide antibiotic use according to the AWaRe classification in the adult inpatient population. Methods The Global Point Prevalence Survey on Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance (Global-PPS) collects hospital antibiotic use data using a standardized PPS methodology. Global-PPS 2015, 2017 and 2018 data, collected by 664 hospitals in 69 countries, were categorized into AWaRe groups to calculate proportional AWaRe use, Access-to-Watch ratios and the most common indications for treatment with selected Watch antibiotics. Only prescriptions for systemic antibiotics on adult inpatient wards were analysed. Results Regional Access use ranged from 28.4% in West and Central Asia to 57.7% in Oceania, whereas Watch use was lowest in Oceania (41.3%) and highest in West and Central Asia (66.1%). Reserve use ranged from 0.03% in sub-Saharan Africa to 4.7% in Latin America. There were large differences in AWaRe prescribing at country level. Watch antibiotics were prescribed for a range of very different indications worldwide, both for therapeutic and prophylactic use. Conclusions We observed considerable variations in AWaRe prescribing and high use of Watch antibiotics, particularly in lower- and upper-middle-income countries, followed by high-income countries. The WHO AWaRe classification has an instrumental role to play in local and national stewardship activities to assess prescribing patterns and to inform and evaluate stewardship activities.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to contribute to the debate on integration of Muslim immigrants into the European societies. Censuses 1 indicate a continuous growth of Muslims in member states of the European Union (EU) since the 1960s. 2 In some of the member states of the EU, Muslims make up more than five percent of the population, and this number is expected to grow in the coming decades, depending mostly on how much immigration into the EU will be allowed. Since 2011 the EU has been facing the biggest influx of migrants in its history. Reasonably, accepting and integrating such a large number of people in its societies became a great challenge for many EU member states. It has become clear that the integration programmes within the EU member states are outdated and that new migration policies, as well as practices will have to be adopted and developed.

While individual analytic therapy is still in its early stages of development, group analytic therapy and group psychotherapy in general are considerably advanced in comparison to other talking therapies, and are often used in healthcare settings and in private practice. All forms of psychotherapy offered in healthcare institutions are covered by health insurance. Most activities related to providing psychotherapy or undergoing training in various therapeutic modalities are not regulated by adequate laws or other regulations, nor does a definitive registry of psychotherapists exist. A majority of psychotherapists in healthcare institutions are (neuro)psychiatrists, but other helping professions are also often involved in providing therapies, with psychologists usually preferring cognitive-behavioural therapy.

Mars is the first extraterrestrial planet with seismometers (Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure, SEIS) deployed directly on its surface in the framework of the Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight) mission. The lack of strong Marsquakes, however, strengthens the need of seismic noise studies to additionally constrain the Martian structure. Seismic noise autocorrelations of single‐station recordings permit the determination of the zero‐offset reflection response underneath SEIS. We present a new autocorrelation study which employs state‐of‐the‐art approaches to determine a robust reflection response by avoiding bias from aseismic signals which are recorded together with seismic waves due to unfavorable deployment and environmental conditions. Data selection and segmentation is performed in a data‐adaptive manner which takes the data root‐mean‐square amplitude variability into account. We further use the amplitude‐unbiased phase cross‐correlation and work in the 1.2–8.9 Hz frequency band. The main target are crustal scale reflections, their robustness and convergence. The strongest signal appears at 10.6 s, and, if interpreted as a P‐wave reflection, would correspond to a discontinuity at about 21 km depth. This signal is a likely candidate for a reflection from the base of the Martian crust due to its strength, polarity, and stability. Additionally we identify, among the stable signals, a signal at about 6.15 s that can be interpreted as the P‐wave reflection from the mid‐crust at about 9.5 km depth.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to assess the symmetric and asymmetric impact of a measure of policy uncertainty on house permits issued in each state of the USA. Design/methodology/approach To assess the symmetric effects, the authors use Pesaran et al.’s (2001) linear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to error-correction modeling. To assess the asymmetric effects, they rely upon Shin et al.’s (2014) nonlinear ARDL approach to error-correction modeling. Both approaches have the advantage of producing short-run and long-run effects in one step. Findings The authors find short-run symmetric effects of policy uncertainty on house permits issued in 22 states that lasted into the long run in three states only. However, the numbers were much higher when they estimated the possibility of asymmetric effects of policy uncertainty. Indeed, they found short-run asymmetric effects in 38 states and long-run asymmetric effects in 18 states. Originality/value Some previous studies assessed the effects of a measure of policy uncertainty on house prices. In this paper, the authors extend the same analysis to the supply side of the housing market by assessing the effects of policy uncertainty on house permits in each state of the USA.

: A música popular é um artefato midiático através do qual são tramitados socialmente conceitos, valores, atitudes e estratégias de identidade individual e coletiva. Através das letras, podemos refletir sobre assuntos importantes, nos emocionamos, reconhecemos a uma identidade cultural. Na música universal, temas que vão desde o amor à exploração do trabalho se presentificam, e a identidade dos imigrantes fica de fora do escopo temático das canções. Este trabalho é uma relação entre as áreas de Língua Inglesa, uma vez que todas as canções estudadas são deste idioma, é de Língua Portuguesa, na questão da interpretação e análise de construção do sentido. Assim, para compreender um pouco mais da identidade dos imigrantes e demais aspectos sociais elucidados pela linguagem, esta pesquisa se propôs a investigar como se dá a construção de sentido das canções que trazem à luz o universo do povo imigrante. Esta pesquisa tem por natureza ser qualitativa. Em primeiro lugar, investigaremos as dentre as mais tocadas do cenário pop internacional nos últimos 20 anos que elucidam, de alguma maneira, a identidade dos imigrantes. Inicialmente, investigaremos canções de sucesso mundial, de grandes artistas ou bandas reconhecidas internacionalmente, que são facilmente reconhecidas pelo público. Para análise da construção de sentido, privilegiaremos o domínio conceptual básico do frame. Estes tipos frame são associados a expressões ou a itens lexicais e, ao se relacionarem com outros frames, auxiliam na construção do significado. Ao associarmos os itens lexicais “flores”, “choro” e “caixão”, elucidamos o frame de velório, por exemplo. A partir dos critérios definidos pela pesquisadora bolsista, que buscou pelas músicas mais tocadas na plataforma YouTube, chegamos às seguintes canções para compor o corpus desta pesquisa: a)  Immigrant Song, Led Zeppelin; b) American Oxygen, Rihanna; c) Prayer of the Refugee, Rise Against, d) Immigration Man, Crosby & Nash, e) Ellis Islans, Mary Black, f) America, Neil Diamond, g) Immigration Blues, Chris Rea, h) City of Immigrants, Steve Earle e i) The Refugee, U2. Tomando como base os elementos analisados, é possível afirmar que a figura imigrante é uma figura submissa a condições sociais e de gênero. É um ser que não tem o domínio de seu próprio destino e que aguarda sempre a chegada de outra pessoa, pela indefinição tonal, que espessa toda uma ampla gama de transferências interpretativas, colaborando densa e criticamente para o pensamento recente sobre imigração no país.