Efficient and consistent string processing is critical in the exponentially growing genomic data era. Locally Consistent Parsing (LCP) addresses this need by partitioning an input genome string into short, exactly matching substrings (“cores”), ensuring consistency across partitions. Compared to the popular sketching techniques, LCP produces fewer cores, enabling a more compact representation and faster analyses. Here, we present the first iterative implementation of LCP with Lcptools and introduce LCPan, an efficient variation graph constructor, which we show generates variation graphs >12×\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\times$$\end{document} faster than vg, while using >13×\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\times$$\end{document} less memory.

Predicting three-dimensional thermal loads during tokamak disruptions is essential for ITER yet remains weakly developed. We present a physics-based workflow that couples MHD simulations of vertical displacement events with field line tracing on a realistic 3D first wall model and a transient wall thermal response. The approach is validated against JET discharges with beryllium main chamber armour, reproducing key global dynamics, non-axisymmetric current features, and the occurrence (or absence) of melting, thereby building confidence in the methodology. We then apply the same workflow to ITER-relevant conditions with tungsten (W) armour, consistent with the new 2024 ITER re-baseline, to assess disruption heat loads and their 3D localization. The resulting analysis demonstrates the resilience of the ITER W first wall against these events and provides predictions for the energy deposition and current flow profiles. Beyond these studies, the workflow enables scenario-by-scenario estimates of disruption-induced thermal loading, allowing to assess the disruption-budget consumption for these events in future devices.

Background/Objectives: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma is the most common subtype of kidney cancer and exhibits marked biological heterogeneity, even among tumors of the same histological grade. Although tumor grade remains a key prognostic parameter, the molecular alterations associated with tumor differentiation are not fully understood. This study aimed to evaluate grade-dependent tissue-level expression patterns of proteins involved in cellular stress response, growth regulation, stemness, and apoptosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Methods: Protein expression of heat shock protein 70, insulin-like growth factor 1, octamer-binding transcription factor 4, and apoptosis-inducing factor were analyzed in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma samples and normal renal cortex. Low-grade and high-grade tumors were compared using immunofluorescence staining combined with semi-quantitative and quantitative image analysis. The proportion of positive signals and the number of positive cells were assessed across tissue compartments. In addition, publicly available transcriptomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas kidney renal clear cell carcinoma cohort were analyzed to explore associations between gene expression levels and overall survival. Results: Distinct grade-dependent expression patterns were observed for all investigated proteins. Heat shock protein 70, insulin-like growth factor 1, and octamer-binding transcription factor 4 showed a higher expression in normal renal tissue with a progressive reduction across tumor grades. In contrast, apoptosis-inducing factor exhibited increased expression in tumor tissue, particularly in low-grade tumors, with a relative decrease in high-grade carcinomas. Stromal compartments of tumor tissue showed minimal or no expression for most markers. Transcriptomic survival analysis did not reveal significant differences in overall survival between high- and low-expression groups for any of the investigated genes. Grade-stratified transcriptomic analysis of the TCGA KIRC cohort revealed consistent patterns for HSP70 family members and OCT4, with progressive grade-dependent mRNA reduction toward higher grades, while IGF1 showed an inverse mRNA trend and AIFM1 showed a uniform reduction across all tumor grades without a clear inter-grade pattern. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that stress response, growth-related, stemness-associated, and apoptotic proteins display distinct grade-dependent tissue-level expression patterns in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, with the expression profiles of high-grade tumors being of particular translational interest given the aggressive clinical behavior and therapeutic resistance characteristic of this disease stage. These alterations appear to reflect tumor differentiation and biological behavior rather than independent prognostic value, highlighting the complexity of molecular regulation in renal tumorigenesis.

This study assesses the impacts of climate change (CC) on maize production in Bosnia and Herzegovina, comparing ten maize-producing municipalities and using Gradiška as a case study. Agroclimatic indicators and ISAREG-based soil water balance simulations were used to evaluate regional suitability for future maize production. Projections indicate substantial increases in average temperatures of 2 to 6 Celsius by the end of the century, depending on the RCP scenario, together with important reductions in accumulated mean precipitation, particularly during summer. Rising temperatures accelerate maize phenology, shortening growth cycles and enabling double-cropping opportunities for short-season cycles. Medium-season cycles may become feasible in most regions, while long-season cycles remain constrained in high-altitude areas due to thermal requirements. Rainfed maize in Gradiška is expected to face increased relative evapotranspiration deficits under future ‘hot & dry’ conditions, with potential relative yield losses due to water deficit of up to 12%. Irrigated maize shows a variation in irrigation requirements from −26% to +8% relative to the baseline, which reflects the combined effect of a shortened crop growth cycle under higher temperatures and increased evapotranspiration demand under drier conditions. Regions with high soil water-holding capacity are the most resilient, while areas with shallow soils or Mediterranean climates are more vulnerable under future conditions. The findings underscore the need for agronomic adaptation measures to the projected CC impacts, including supplemental irrigation, drought-tolerant cultivars, and potential adjustment of sowing.

Security Operations Centers (SOCs) are pivotal in modern enterprises. Tasked to monitor complex network environments constantly under attack, SOCs can be active 24/7 and can include hundreds of operators supported by state-of-the-art technologies. Abundant research has studied the internal processes of SOCs, highlighting their pros and cons, as well as the challenges faced by SOC analysts -- such as dealing with the overwhelming number of false alarms triggered by automated security mechanisms. In this context, we wonder: given that"someone"must triage the alarms, and that such triaging must be grounded on established knowledge or evidence-based reasoning, can SOC employees justify why a certain decision was taken while triaging alarms? Answering such a research question (RQ) can better guide future efforts. We hence tackle this RQs. First, via a systematic literature review across 257 research documents, we provide evidence that such RQ received limited attention so far. Then, we partner-up with a real-world SOC and carry out a field study (n=12) with SOC employees. We show them real alarms raised in their SOC, and inquire whether such alarms are indicative of true security problems or not. Then, we ask to explain their decision. We found that while most analysts were able to separate"true from false"alarms (the decision was correct in 83% of the cases), a correct justification was hardly provided (only 39% of the provided explanations reflected the actual root cause). Ultimately, our results highlight the need for decision-support systems that help SOC analysts not only make the right call -- but also understand and articulate why it is right.

Simple Summary Feline patients may frequently develop anemia in association with a variety of underlying concurrent conditions, primarily as a direct consequence of metabolic disorders or infectious agents such as hemoplasmas. Additionally, anemia may arise as a part of a primary myeloproliferative disease, particularly associated with retroviral infections. Recent data from owners and veterinarians indicate that feline hemoplasmosis, despite its worldwide occurrence, is not routinely considered as the differential diagnosis for anemia in cats of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The infection is often underdiagnosed and overlooked, primarily due to the absence of reliable rapid testing methods and lack of hemoplasmosis PCR testing availability in Bosnia and Herzegovina, prior to this study. This is the first reported case of PCR-confirmed hemoplasmosis in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It further provides detailed information on patients’ signalment, clinical and molecular diagnostic approaches, treatment, and long-term follow-up. Despite being immunocompromised due to feline immunodeficiency virus infection, no recurrence of hemoplasmosis or retroviral reactivation was observed over an almost five-year period. This case also emphasizes the importance of considering hemoplasmosis in anemic cats, particularly those that do not respond to the treatment, and demonstrates the value of molecular methods in establishing definitive diagnosis.

Stress echocardiography (SE) has evolved beyond its traditional role of detecting coronary artery disease (CAD) through a single marker-regional wall motion abnormality (RWMA). This conventional approach, while guideline-embedded, faces a declining positivity rate and reduced prognostic power in today's diverse patient population. In response, SE has undergone a conceptual transformation into a multi-marker, comprehensive functional assessment of patient vulnerability. The modern multi-marker protocol, known as the ABCDE-SE, integrates five steps during a single stress test: Step A assesses RWMA for ischemia; Step B quantifies pulmonary congestion via B-lines and E/e'; Step C evaluates left ventricular volume response; Step D measures coronary flow velocity reserve for microvascular function; and Step E determines heart rate reserve for autonomic function. Each step identifies distinct pathophysiological mechanisms and actionable therapeutic targets, significantly refining risk stratification.Developed and validated over the past decade with the SE 2030 study (2016-2030), the flagship project of SIECVI, Italian Society of Echocardiography and Cardiovascular Imaging, and adopted by 50 laboratories from 20 countries, the ABCDE protocol represents a universal and widely accessible platform, applicable to all patients with suspected cardiac disease. It paves the way for personalized medicine by enabling tailored therapies targeted to the specific vulnerabilities.

This article is about the Bosnian animated series Bruca Braca Bruda Brada which deals with contemporary social issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina, focusing on Švrakino selo, a predominantly working-class neighbourhood on the outskirts of Sarajevo. The series’ creators are Helem Nejse, a Sarajevo-based hip-hop band. The humour stands out because of the linguistic subtlety through which contemporary society is portrayed, focusing especially on the Sarajevo area. Stylistically, the slang, the wordplay, the counter-images of real-life politicians, criminals and events are all part of a layered storyline, painting an image of a society trapped for over three decades in the limbo of expectations of a better life. The analytical framework consists of the following units, superficially functioning as general knowledge scripts: names, nationalism, (local) patriotism, know-it-all and corruption. However, these scripts, in the context of the analysed material, become restricted, making the humorous interpretation challenging not only to an international audience, but also to native speakers in some instances. Stylistic traits of the selected material are observed, together with additional linguistic devices that enhance humour. Culture-specific expressions and other important contextual segments are also explained where necessary.

The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) serves as a marker of systemic inflammation and is an established prognostic factor in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, its predictive value for treatment response, particularly when evaluated through three-dimensional CT volumetry, remains ambiguous. This study investigates whether pretreatment NLR and treatment-related changes in NLR correlate with volumetric tumor response to platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). Adult patients with histologically confirmed NSCLC who received platinum-based NACT and had evaluable pre- and posttreatment CT imaging were included in the analysis. Tumor response was defined as a ≥30% reduction using three-dimensional CT volumetry. We analyzed pretreatment NLR, posttreatment NLR, changes in NLR (ΔNLR), and the NLR ratio. To enhance statistical stability, additional analyses utilized log-transformed NLR values. Associations were examined through non-parametric tests, correlation analysis, and both univariable and multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, histology, disease stage, performance status, and baseline tumor volume. A total of 70 patients were included, with 33 (47.1%) achieving a volumetric response. NLR decreased during treatment (median ΔNLR ═ −0.42), yet no significant differences were noted between responders and non-responders regarding pretreatment NLR (P ═ 0.773), posttreatment NLR (P ═ 0.920), ΔNLR (P ═ 0.514), or NLR ratio (P ═ 0.630). None of the NLR-derived parameters showed significant associations with treatment response in univariable or multivariable models, including those utilizing log-transformed variables. Furthermore, the NLR ratio exhibited substantial instability, reflected in wide confidence intervals. In conclusion, within this cohort, neither pretreatment nor dynamic NLR parameters were significantly associated with CT-based volumetric tumor response following platinum-based NACT.

Cascade reservoirs on the Drina River (Bosnia and Herzegovina) are heavily modified water bodies that require reliable biological tools for assessing trophic status and ecological potential. Under the Water Framework Directive (WFD), assessments of surface water ecological status and potential rely on biological quality elements, since aquatic communities integrate and respond to prevailing environmental conditions and thus serve as reliable indicators of water quality. This study aims to (i) describe phytoplankton diversity, biomass, and functional-group composition along the Drina reservoir cascade, (ii) examine monthly changes across the studied reservoirs, (iii) determine trophic status and ecological potential, and (iv) provide a preliminary estimate of total phosphorus thresholds that may support future setting of ecological potential boundaries. Phytoplankton composition and functional groups were analysed in three longitudinally connected reservoirs of the Drina River during four monthly surveys in 2024. A total of 80 phytoplankton taxa were recorded, with diatoms dominating most of the study period. The highest biomasses were recorded for Fragilaria crotonensis, Dinobryon divergens, Acanthoceras zachariasii and Sphaerocystis sp., while the dominant functional groups were P, E, A, and F. Phytoplankton assemblage structure showed moderate spatial differentiation among the reservoirs. Mean chlorophyll a and Carlson’s Trophic State Index indicated eutrophic conditions in the Višegrad Reservoir and mesotrophic conditions in the Perućac and Zvornik reservoirs, while biomass showed a pronounced summer maximum, particularly in Perućac. Ecological potential was generally classified as good or better, except for a moderate classification in the Zvornik Reservoir in late summer. The good/moderate TP boundary was estimated at 39 µg L−1, linking EQR-based ecological assessment with the onset of eutrophic conditions. Overall, this study represents the first application of the phytoplankton functional group approach in cascade reservoirs in Bosnia and Herzegovina and may provide a valuable basis for the development of a phytoplankton-based monitoring framework in lakes and reservoirs, which is currently lacking.

Doping remains one of the most important problems in sports, but legal issues related to anti-doping are relatively understudied in this context. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of a newly designed questionnaire aimed at evaluating antidoping legal knowledge among sport officials.The participants included 211 sport officers (coaches, medical professionals, nutritionists; 41.7±7. years of age, 71 females) from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, who were tested on a newly designed questionnaire on knowledge of legal anti-doping regulations for sport officials (Q-LADR-O). Additionally, data on sociodemographic characteristics, sport-related factors, and doping-related factors were collected. In the first phase, a subsample of 56 participants was tested and retested on the Q-LADR-O in the time frame of 7--10 days to evaluate the reliability of the tool.Among the 20 original questionnaire items, 18 had appropriate test-retest reliability (Cohen’s kappa > 0.61, absolute agreement > 80%). Factor analysis identified two distinct latent structures reflecting (i) rights and obligation under the anti-doping code and (ii) anti-doping testing and legislation. The validity of the Q-LADR-O was confirmed by significant differences between medical staff and coaches/nutritionists (6.71 ±1.79 and 4.21 ± 1.2 for medical staff and coaches/nutritionists, respectively, t test = 8.71, p < 0.01) and a significant correlation between the Q-LADR-O and sport-officiating level (Spearman’s R = 0.21, p < 0.05) and between the Q-LADR-O and the number of doping tests of athletes officiated (Spearman’s R = 0.55, p < 0.05).Considering its proper reliability and validity, Q-LADR-O can contribute to more effective anti-doping education, primarily by reducing unintentional rule violations. Further intervention studies are warranted.

The aim of this study was to evaluate real-world rivaroxaban safety and adherence in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). A prospective, observational, cohort, postmarketing study was conducted during a six-month period. The primary outcome was bleeding, including major bleeding, non-major bleeding, and fecal occult blood test positivity. Secondary outcomes included non-bleeding adverse reactions, changes in laboratory parameters, and therapy adherence measured by the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 (MMAS-8). We included 1184 patients evaluated at baseline and at one, three, and six months. During follow-up, cumulative incidences (95% confidence interval) were 0.9% (0.5-1.7%) for major bleeding, 13.3% (11.4-15.3%) for non-major bleeding, and 3.4% (2.4-4.6%) for fecal occult blood positivity. Other adverse drug reactions were infrequent and mild, most commonly headache and fatigue, and no clinically relevant deterioration of laboratory parameters was observed. MMAS-8 score was the same throughout the follow-up period and was 1.0 (interquartile range 0.0-2.0), which is in the domain of good therapy adherence. Approximately one-third of patients demonstrated full therapy adherence, and one-fifth of patients exhibited poor adherence. This real-world study supports the favorable safety profile and generally good patient adherence to rivaroxaban in NVAF, though continued monitoring of bleeding risk and enhanced patient education on adherence remain crucial for optimal outcomes.

Mineral substrates for indoor horticulture systems critically determine plant water availability and irrigation demand. However, integrative assessments linking pore structure, water retention, and evaporation dynamics of commonly used mineral growing media remain scarce. A total of nine distinct mineral substrates were investigated: expanded clay, expanded slate, pumice, perlite, zeolite, vermiculite, lava granules, brick chips, and clay granules. To assess the impact of granulometry, pumice was tested in three different grain sizes (1–3 mm, 4–7 mm, 7–14 mm), resulting in a total of 11 experimental samples. Samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), suction experiments, and evaporation tests at 30%, 50%, and 70% relative humidity (RH) at 23 °C. Bulk density ranged from <0.12 g·cm−3 (perlite, vermiculite) to >0.99 g·cm−3 (zeolite, brick chips), while volumetric water content varied from 11.0 vol.% (expanded clay) to 46.6 vol.% (vermiculite). Plant-available water content (AWC) ranged from 2.7 vol.% (expanded clay) to 30.9 vol.% (clay granules). These results demonstrate that pore interconnectivity, rather than total porosity, is the decisive driver of hydraulic performance. Finer pumice fractions increased water retention by ~16% compared to coarser fractions. All substrates exhibited a two-phase evaporation profile, with initial rates ranging from 1.9 to 5.6 g·h−1 at 30% RH. Clay granules showed the most temporally stable evaporation, with only a 37% rate reduction over 48 h, compared to 66% for perlite. While conducted under controlled laboratory conditions, these findings provide a quantitative basis for targeted substrate selection and blending to optimize root-zone hydration, irrigation efficiency, and hygrothermal performance in permanent indoor horticulture systems.