Any deviation of speed in a traffic flow from a speed limit represents a potential risk of traffic accidents, so speed management appears as an imperative. However, an inadequately set speed limit often causes drivers’ noncompliance to it in the conditions of real traffic flow. By determining the value of exceeding the speed limit according to vehicle classes, it is possible to recommend a credible speeding value that can be considered credible up to a value above the speed limit. In this paper, deterministic multistep mathematical models of speed deviation from the speed limit as a function of longitudinal gradient for the proposed vehicle classes were developed. A total of 11 measuring sections with different traffic flow types were analyzed. Based on a detailed analysis of speeding, models for the deviation of the 15th, 50th, and 85th percentiles were obtained, with the aim of adjusting the credible deviation to control measures. The results obtained in this study were compared with a survey of traffic flow speeding on two‐lane roads conducted in Serbia.

The Temporal Doppler Effect refers to the subjective perception that the past is further away than the future even when both temporal distances are objectively the same from the present moment (Caruso et al., 2013). In the current study

Background: There is paucity of data regarding the effects of delayed reperfusion (DR) on clinical outcomes in patients with incomplete reperfusion following mechanical thrombectomy. We hypothesized that DR has a strong association with clinical outcome in patients with incomplete reperfusion after mechanical thrombectomy (expanded Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction, 2a–2c). Methods: Single-institution’s stroke registry retrospective analysis of patients admitted from February 2015 to December 2020. DR was defined as the absence of any perfusion delay on ≈24-hour contrast-enhanced follow-up perfusion imaging, whereas persistent perfusion deficit denotes a perfusion delay corresponding to the catheter angiographic deficit directly after the intervention. The association of perfusion outcome (DR versus persistent perfusion deficit) with the occurrence of new infarcts and 90-day functional independence (modified Rankin Scale score 0–2) was evaluated using logistic regression analyses. Comparison of predictive accuracy was evaluated by calculating area under the curve for models with and without perfusion outcome. Results: In 566 patients (mean age 74, 49.6% female), new infarcts in the incomplete reperfusion areas were less common in DR versus persistent perfusion deficit patients (small punctiform: 17.1% versus 25%, large confluent: 7.9% versus 63.2%; P=0.001). After adjustment for confounders, DR was a strong predictor of functional independence (adjusted odds ratio, 2.37 [95% CI 1.34–4.23]). There was a significant improvement in predictive accuracy of functional independence when perfusion outcome was added to expanded Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction alone (area under the curve 0.57 versus 0.62, P=0.01). Conclusions: Occurrence of DR is closely associated with tissue outcome and functional independence. DR may be an independent prognostic parameter, suggesting it as a potential outcome surrogate for medical rescue therapies.

We investigate the scenario where a perturbed nonlinear system transmits its output measurements to a remote observer via a packet-based communication network. The sensors are grouped into N nodes and each of these nodes decides when its measured data is transmitted over the network independently. The objective is to design both the observer and the local transmission policies in order to obtain accurate state estimates, while only sporadically using the communication network. In particular, given a general nonlinear observer designed in continuous-time satisfying an input-to-state stability property, we explain how to systematically design a dynamic event-triggering rule for each sensor node that avoids the use of a copy of the observer, thereby keeping local calculation simple. We prove the practical convergence property of the estimation error to the origin and we show that there exists a uniform strictly positive minimum inter-event time for each local triggering rule under mild conditions on the plant. The efficiency of the proposed techniques is illustrated on a numerical case study of a flexible robotic arm.

Genotype G3 rotaviruses rank among the most common rotavirus strains worldwide in humans and animals. However, despite a robust long-term rotavirus surveillance system from 1997 in Blantyre, Malawi, these strains were only detected from 1997 to 1999 and then disappeared and re-emerged in 2017, five years after the introduction of the Rotarix rotavirus vaccine. Here we analysed 27 whole genome sequences to understand how G3 strains re-emerged in Malawi. We randomly selected samples each month between November 2017 and August 2019 from stool samples of children hospitalised with acute diarrhoea at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Blantyre, Malawi. We found three genotypes namely G3P[4] (n=20), G3P[6] (n=1) and G3P[8] (n=6) associated with the re-emergence of G3 strains in Malawi post-Rotarix vaccine introduction. The identified genotypes co-circulated at different time points and were associated with three typical human G3 strains consisting of either a Wa-like or DS-1-like genetic constellation and reassortant strains possessing Wa-like and DS-1-like genetic backbones. Time-resolved phylogenetic trees demonstrated that the most recent common ancestor for each segment of the re-emerged G3 strains emerged between 1996 and 2012, possibly through introductions from outside the country due to the limited genetic similarity with G3 strains which circulated before their disappearance in the late 1990s. Further genomic analysis revealed that the reassortant DS-1-like G3P[4] strains acquired a Wa-like NSP2 genome segment (N1 genotype) through intergenogroup reassortment; an artiodactyl-like VP3 through intragenogroup interspecies reassortment; and VP6, NSP1 and NSP4 segments through intragenogroup reassortment likely before importation into Malawi. Additionally, the re-emerged G3 strains contain amino acid substitutions within the antigenic regions of the VP4 proteins which could potentially impact the binding of rotavirus vaccine-induced antibodies. Altogether, our findings shows that multiple rather than a single genotype have driven the re-emergence of G3 strains likely from other countries highlighting the role of human mobility and genome reassortment events in the dissemination and evolution of rotavirus strains in Malawi necessitating the need for long-term genomic surveillance of rotavirus in high disease burden settings to inform disease prevention and control.

Rosaria Talarico, Silvia Aguilera, Tobias Alexander , Zahir Amoura, Ana M. Antunes, Laurent Arnaud , Tadej Avcin, Lorenzo Beretta, Stefano Bombardieri, Gerd R. Burmester, Sara Cannizzo, Lorenzo Cavagna, Benjamin Chaigne, Alain Cornet, Nathalie CostedoatChalumeau, Andrea Doria, Alessandro Ferraris, Rebecca FischerBetz, João E. Fonseca, Charissa Frank, Andrea Gaglioti, Ilaria Galetti, Jürgen Grunert, Vera Guimarães, Eric Hachulla, Frederic Houssiau, Luca Iaccarino, Thomas Krieg, Marteen Limper, Fransiska Malfait , Xavier Mariette, Diana Marinello , Thierry Martin, Lisa Matthews, Marco MatucciCerinic, Alain Meyer, Carlomaurizio Montecucco, Luc Mouthon, Ulf MüllerLadner, Simona Rednic, Vasco C. Romão, Matthias Schneider, Vanessa Smith, Alberto Sulli, Farah Tamirou, Domenica Taruscio, Anna V. Taulaigo, Enrique Terol, Angela Tincani, Simone Ticciati, Giuseppe Turchetti, P. Martin van Hagen, Jacob M. van Laar, Ana Vieira, Jeska K. de VriesBouwstra, Maurizio Cutolo and Marta Mosca

Background and Study Aim. Various experimental programs for the development of motor skills are present in sports activities. Explosive strength can be defined as the ability to produce maximum force as soon as possible, and it represents an essential factor in activities where it is necessary to increase the acceleration of the body mass, the mass of specific body parts, or of an external object. The aim of study – to determine the effects of an experimental program on the explosive strength of lower limbs in male adolescents. Material and Methods. One hundred and one male adolescent (aged 19 years ± 6 months; body height 181.43 ± 7.42 cm; body mass 80.08 ± 10.07 kg) were recruited and randomly divided into two groups: experimental group (E; N=48) and control group (K; N=48). The E group performed the experimental program which lasted fifteen weeks and consisted of three 60-min training sessions per week. All participants were tested on Squat Jump (SJ), Countermovement Jump (CMJ), Countermovement Jump with arms (CMJa) and Continuous Jump with Straight Legs (CJSL). The four tests were performed using a Kistler force platform to measure Quatro Jump Bosco Protocol Version 1.0.9.2 and gave us data about the jump height, number of jumps for 15s, average power jump and peak power jump. The multivariate analysis covariance (MANCOVA) and follow up analysis covariance (ANCOVA) were used to analyze the data. Results. The results of MANCOVA showed statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) between the E and K groups in all systems of variable lower limb explosive strength in male adolescents. In addition, results of ANCOVA showed statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) in SJ, CMJ, CMJa and CJSL in favor of the E group compared to the K one. Conclusions. The results of this research show that a fifteen-week experimental program can lead to significant improvements in lower limb explosive strength in male adolescents.

COVID‑19 is a devastating disease, and its control is difficult due to its high transmissibility rate and a long incubation average period (6.4 days). Additionally, more than half of the infected patients were asymptomatic young people or children. The asymptomatic virus transmission is the actual challenge to controlling the disease. Because of limited treatment options, diagnosis techniques have been the first focus all over the world, involving q-RT-PCR as a gold standard, serological tests, point of care studies, or RT-LAMP. Generally, nasopharyngeal, and oropharyngeal samples are preferred clinically as sources. However, alternative sources are being researched, particularly for healthcare professionals who have difficulty taking samples, patients who are afraid of giving samples, and pediatric patients. Herein, physiological saline has been utilized to offer an alternative source besides the swab samples for use in q-RT-PCR. In this study, 212 randomly chosen patients’ samples were studied, and we evaluated the concordance and accurate q-RT-PCR results in two different sources, obtained from swab and gargle samples of patients. Herein, physiological saline is utilized, which is widely used medically as a recommended irrigating and wound dressing solution. We obtained in our experiments with this method, the confidence interval determines 74.50% positivity when compared to the routine q-RT-PCR procedure as summarized. In addition, when only the gargle sampling method is studied in low-income countries, the cost of testing for COVID-19 will decrease significantly. Because this method does not require vNAT or VTM transport solution sterile swab sticks as shown. The plastic container with a lid in which the patient can gargle with SF and spit it out is an ideal method for this. Additionally, it provides a great cost-benefit in low-income countries.

Kupres cheese is a traditional Bosnian full-fat hard cheese. This paper deals with the change of protein and fatty acid profiles, mineral content and antioxidant potential during the period of three months of its ripening. Proteolysis was monitored by the electrophoresis of total extracts and water-soluble fractions under reducing conditions, whereas fatty acid profiles were determined by gas chromatography. The mineral content in the ripened cheeses was determined by using methods of Inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) for microelements and Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for microelements, respectively. Ripening of Kupres cheese during three months is characterised by a relatively slow proteolysis, especially during the first month and by the increase in desirable fatty acid content. After 30 days of ripening, the WSN/TN and TCA/TN contents increased from 8.23% and 2.25% to 10.15% and 3.59%, respectively. Further, ripening induced higher increase of these parameters and more intensive degradation of the major caseins, especially αs-CN. After three months of ripening, residual level of αs-CN and β-CN was 12.02% and 80.96%, respectively. Three month-old cheese had improved indexes of lipid quality as well as improved reducing power and ability to scavenge free radicals. Ripening affected the content of Ca, P and Na whereas no significant changes of the other macro- and microelements of Kupres cheese were observed.

Introduction: The process of protein synthesis is a vital process for all kingdoms of life. The ribosome is a ribonucleoprotein complex that reads the genetic code, from messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce proteins and to tightly regulate and ensure cells growth. The fact that numerous diseases are caused by defect during the ribosome biogenesis is important to understand this pathway. Materials and methods: We have analyzed the literature for ribosome biogenesis and its links with different diseases which have been found. Results and discussion: We have discussed the key aspect of human ribosome biogenesis and its links to diseases. We have also proposed the potential of applying this knowledge to the development of a ribosomal stress-based cancer therapy. Conclusion: Major challenges in the future will be to determine factors which play a pivotal role during ribosome biogenesis. Therefore, more anti-cancer drugs and gene therapy for genetic diseases will be developed against ribosomal biogenesis in the coming years. Graphical abstract: