Following modern global trends in the commercialization of education and adopting the lifelong learning concept, as well as rapid development of adult education in Bosnia and Herzegovina, this research connects the adult education field with one of the vital management models in each organization/company's practice – marketing management. The number of adult education providers is increasing, but practical tools and research of their scope of work are in deficit. With the intention to contribute to the improvement of the theory and practice of adult education and marketing management and to help adult education providers adjust their promotional messages to their target groups, for the purpose of this research, the population of adults is divided into four generations: Baby Boom, X, Y and Z. This research aims to understand opinions and attitudes of the four generation's representatives on the elements of the promotional mix of educational institutions and determine whether changes between them exist or not. A qualitative research approach has been used in collecting primary data with focus groups as the main research method. The final result of this research is a projection of twenty recommendations to adult education providers (public and private schools, organizations and adult education centers), which are not only applicable in these education institutions. Other companies and organizations creating offers for age-segmented markets could also benefit greatly from these recommendations.

Background: Pleural disorders in novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), responsible for the deaths of more than 6.7 million people worldwide, are relatively uncommon and underappreciated findings. The severity of the pleural disease in these patients correlates with the treatment outcome and overall prognosis. Objective: We aim to review our experience with treatment modalities and prognosis in 45 patients with COVID-19, who were treated at our Clinic between April 2020 and October 2021. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, single-center, cross-sectional study. Demographic data, the type of thoracosurgical intervention(s), and treatment outcome for 45 patients included in this study were recorded for every patient. We analyzed the type and number of treatment modalities according to the pleural disorder, and the outcome of the treatment. Results: Pneumothorax was the most common COVID-19-related pleural disorder, followed by the pleural effusion. Tube thoracostomy was the mainstay of treatment, performed in 84.4% of patients with unilateral pleural complications. In total, 20% of our patients were on mechanical ventilation, and all of them had a fatal outcome. We found statistical significance in comparison to the percentage of fatal outcomes between patients treated with and without mechanical ventilation (p=0.000). Conclusion: COVID-19-related pleural disorders are prognostic markers of disease progression. Mechanically ventilated patients who require tube thoracostomy have an unfavorable prognosis.

Background: Discus hernia represents an intervertebral disk prolapse. The intervertebral disk provides stability in rest state and distributes the load of the spinal column on the move. Changes that lead to the occurrence of disc prolapse are desiccation, reduction of proteoglycan content, mucoid degeneration, and fibrosing tissue uptake. Predisposing factors of lumbar pain are heavy physical tasks with lifting loads over twenty pounds, especially professional use of heavy tools. Objective: The aims of this article is the review of diagnostics and physical therapy of lumbar disc herniation at levels L4/L5 and L5/S1. Methods: Authors used descriptive method for review lumbar disc herniation including diagnostic procedures and physical therapx based on scientific literature stored in medical databses PubMed, Scopus, Hinari, etc.. Results: The most common area of the spine to experience a herniated disk is the low back, just below the waist level. Herniated disks also commonly occur in the neck.. Conclusion: Rehabilitation is a delicate problem and requires long-term treatment and multidisciplinary cooperation, and is carried out in accordance with the principles of diagnostic and physical therapy of lumbar dics herniation depending of level of demaged and level of causes of lumbar disc herniation. The majority of herniated disks do not require surgery, and respond best to physical therapy. Physical therapists design personalized treatment programs to help people with herniated disks regain normal movement, reduce pain, and get back to their regular activities.

Background: In the last two decades diagnostic criteria for acute kidney injury (AKI) were developed: Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of Kidney Function, End-Stage Kidney Disease (RIFLE), Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN), and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) classifications. Objective: The study aimed to determine the incidence of AKI based on the RIFLE, AKIN, and KDIGO criteria, as well as analyze their predictive value for mortality and renal function outcome. Methods: This was a single-center prospective study of patients diagnosed with AKI. Acute kidney injury was defined and classified according to the RIFLE, AKIN, and KDIGO criteria. The outcomes were renal function outcome and in-hospital mortality. Results: The incidence rates of AKI based on the RIFLE, AKIN, and KDIGO criteria were 13.4%, 14-36%, and 14.64%, respectively. Multiple regression analysis showed that higher stages of AKI according to the KDIGO criteria were independently associated with non-recovery of renal function (p=0.011). However, the predictive ability of RIFLE, AKIN and KDIGO classifications for renal function recovery was poor (Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristics-AUROC=0.599, AUROC=0.637, AUROC=0.659, respectively). According to the RIFLE and AKIN criteria, in-hospital mortality was statistically significantly higher in stage Failure/3 (p=0.0403 and p=0.0329, respectively) compared to stages Risk/1 and Injury/2. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis showed that all three classifications had poor predictive ability for in-hospital mortality (AUROC=0.675, AUROC=0.66, AUROC=0.681). Conclusions: KDIGO classification is an independent predictor of renal function non-recovery. However, by ROC analysis, all three classifications have poor predictive ability for renal function outcome and mortality.

Introduction:The diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in preterm newborns with perinatal asphyxia based on increased serum creatinine (sCr) value and oliguria/anuria is usually delayed. The Aim of this paper is to evaluate serum cystatin C as an early predictor of AKI. Materials and methods:The study included 42 preterm newborns (24-37 weeks) with perinatal asphyxia (Apgar score (AS) ≤ 3 at 5 minutes of life or blood pH on admission ≤ 7.00). The sCr and sCysC levels were measured on the 1st, 3rd, and 7th day of life. According to KDIGO criteria, the newborns were classified into groups, and sCr and sCys-C values were compared. Results:The mean gestational age was 29.9 ± 3.0 weeks. AKI was diagnosed in 62.8 % of patients. Of these patients, 81.5% belonged to AKI 1 group, and 18.5 % to AKI 2 group.No newborns had the criteria for AKI 3. On day 7 the mean sCr values were significantly higher in AKI (65.4± 21.8) compared with the non-AKI group (168.4±38.2) (p<0.001), but not on day 1 and 3 (p = 0.322, 0.012, respectively). The sCys-C values were significantly higher in the AKI group on day 3 ( AKI vs. non-AKI group, 0.69 ±0.22 vs. 1.22 ±0.20; p <0.001) and day 7 (AKI vs. non-AKI group, 0.62 ±0.41 vs. 1.68 ±0.20; p <0.001). The sCys-C was also an earlier marker of a more severe stage of AKI than sCr. Conclusion:The sCys-C was elevated earlier than sCr, making it a valuable diagnostic tool for AKI in preterm newborns.

Background: The lumbar spinal canal consists of 5 interconnected lumbar vertebrae through which the final part of the spinal cord passes and the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves that form the cauda equina. The lumbar canal stenosis can directly affect neurological symptoms and pain in the lumbar region and lower extremities. Due to the frequency of such symptoms, lumbar stenosis has been the subject of research around the world. Objective: The objective of this study was to measure, analyze and compare the mediosagital and interpeduncular diameters of the lumbar spinal canal in the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina to other populations around the world. Methods: We conducted a retrospective descriptive study on patients (n=200) who underwent Multi-slice computer tomography (MSCT) performed on a 40-slice CT scanner (Siemens Somatom Definition AS) for lumbar pain between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2014. Age, gender, midsagittal (MSG) and interpeduncular (IP) diameters of the lumbar spine were recorded for each patient. Results: Results of our study show that the largest MSG diameter is at L1 level for both sexes, with an average length of 19,06mm, and the smallest at L3 level, with an average length of 16,66mm. Our study shows that the MSG diameter is significantly larger in females than males on all levels from L1 to L5. In both sexes, MSG diameter shows the form of an hourglass with narrowing at L3 level. IPD is largest at L5 level for both sexes, with an average length of 31,94mm, and the smallest average length at L1 level, at 24,78mm. IPD diameter is significantly larger in males than females on all levels from L1 to L5. IPD shows a tendency of growth from L1 to L5 in both sexes. Conclusion: There were significant differences in the dimensions of the lumbar spine canal between female and male patients. We found significant difference in MSG and IP diameters measurements between Bosnian and Herzegovinian population compared to other populations. The dimensions of the lumbar canal provide a baseline of normative data for the evaluation of patients presenting with lower back pain and lumbar canal stenosis in study population.

Concrete is a material that has been used for centuries and is often modified using polymers. In the last fifty years, synthetic polymers have been used for the modification of concrete, but also for the production of concrete. In recent decades, sulfur concrete has been an interesting product that can be used mainly in low-rise construction due to its characteristics. In this work, we used the starting mixture for the preparation of sulfur concrete (sand, elemental sulfur with the addition of modified sulfur and fillers) heated to a temperature of 120 ºC to 170 ºC and homogenized. The results of previous research on the production of sulfur concrete showed that the density of the obtained product changes depending on the type as well as the amount of filler added to the basic mixture based on raw materials. Talc, microsilicon, plate alumina and fly ash were used as fillers. The amounts of fillers were 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 10%.

Thermal shock stability plays a great role in the selection of optimal refractory material. Different methods of characterization were developed for this purpose, including the implementation of nondestructive testing. Image analysis is a very well method for characterization of different materials structures, as well as changes and occurred defects in structure caused by different influences. In this paper, possible application of image analysis will be presented related to the monitoring thermal shock behavior of selected refractory materials. Different parameters such are R parameter, level of destruction, as well as determination of morphological descriptors (area, perimeter, diameter, roundness) using Image analysis, will be presented.

The paper presents the results of the research cavitation erosion behavior of samples based on talc with addition of domestic zeolite from the Zlatokop deposit. Samples based on talc with 15 % of zeolite, from Zlatokop (Vranjska Banja), sintered at 1200ºC were used in this investigation. Resistance to cavitation was monitored by the ultrasonic vibratory cavitation set up with a stationary specimen and measuring respectively determining the specimens' mass loss. Image analysis and Young's modulus of elasticity were used to determine the level of degradation of the sample surface and sample's volume. Obtained results showed good resistance of the refractory samples based on talc and zeolite to the cavitation erosion, which indicates the possibility of application ceramic samples based on talc and zeolite in various areas of industry where the presence of destruction due to the effect of cavitation is expected.

Understanding the responses of animals to seasonal heat stress on the genomic level has led to the identification of genes implicated in thermal stress reaction mechanisms. In this study, the relative gene expression of Interleukin-10 (IL-10), an anti-inflammatory cytokine and biomarker for heat stress-mediated immune modulation, was observed during the summer and winter seasons in continental and tropical sheep breeds, namely, Hungarian Indigenous Tsigai and White Dorper, employing quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Temperature-humidity indices (THI) were calculated to assess heat stress levels. The results indicate that IL-10 CT-values were significantly higher during the summer, when heat stress prevails, in both sheep breeds compared to winter. While the White Dorper exhibited a higher numerical value for the summer relative gene expression ratio (16.2) compared to the Hungarian Indigenous Tsigai (12.3), no significant differences in CT values were observed between breeds or among sexes. These findings suggest the immune-adaptive characteristics of the two sheep breeds during seasonal heat stress. The variation of IL-10 gene expression levels between the two breeds can be attributed to their geographical origins; the White Dorper emerging from arid subtropical South Africa and the Hungarian Indigenous Tsigai Sheep thriving in the seasonally harsh Carpathian climate for centuries.

The thermal energy sector is very important at this time of global energy transition. From the aspect of stable energy independence, this is especially important in countries whose energy system is based on fossil fuels, especially coal. This is why decarbonisation of the energy sector is necessary, with a partial and gradual substitution of coal with renewable fuels. However, the use of these fuels is not always possible in existing plants. This refers to the establishment of energy, economic and environmentally acceptable proportion of the co-firing of these fuels, i.e. a mixture of coal and renewable fuels. The success of the establishment of this process is a function of several variables, the dominant of which are the aggregate properties of the fuel, basic and their mixtures, including the ash properties of those fuels. With the motive of contributing to a more successful implementation of the energy transition in the thermal energy sector, and with the aim of obtaining new scientific knowledge about the characteristics of the combustion of lignite and brown coal with different renewable fuels, laboratory research was carried out. In particular, different mixtures of lignite and brown coal, waste woody biomass and Miscanthus as a fast-growing energy crop were subjected to co-firing with variable process conditions. In addition to changing the composition of fuel mixtures, the test regimes included a significant change in process temperature (1250-1450 °C) and the primary measure of staged air supply to the furnace. In these combustion conditions, the emission of undesirable and harmful components into the environment, the efficiency of combustion, and the tendency of the ash from the fuel mixture to possible soiling of the heating surfaces in the furnace were evaluated - an analysis of the characteristics of the ash samples from the reaction zone and samples of the slag and ash to the furnace. Here, in both cases of co-firing, lignite and brown coal with different types of biomass, it was shown that in real conditions it is possible to establish a sustainable primary energy conversion process from fuel with a low unburnt carbon content in the slag (unburnt carbon content, UBC<1%) as well as low CO emission, below 350 mg/mn 3. At the same time, the NOx emission is below 320 mg/mn 3 during the co-firing of lignite mixtures at 1250 °C, and in the case of brown coal mixtures below 740 mg/mn 3 at 1450 °C. In both cases, the net CO2 emission decreases in proportion to the proportion of biomass in the mixture, while the SO2 emission is still high, at a level of up to 2500 mg/mn 3 for lignite mixtures and up to 6400 mg/mn 3 for brown coal mixtures. None of the treated types of biomass, up to the level of applicable content in the mixture with lignite and brown coal, does not worsen the progress of the process from the aspect of possible slagging/fouling heating surfaces in the boiler.

In this study, a detailed physicochemical characterization of taurine in water is performed based on density and viscosity measurements in the temperature range from T=(293.15 – 313.15) K. Solubility of taurine increases with the temperature increasing. Data obtained from the volumetric and viscosimetric measurements indicate that taurine does not self-aggregate in water. Molecular dynamic simulations provided insight into how taurine molecules behave in water.

The aim of this work was to get a detailed insight into the ion’s interactions along with the structure-making/structure-breaking tendency that has been retrieved through the perusal of calculated parameters from volumetric measurements for aqueous solutions of three newly synthesized ionic liquids: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chlorite, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chlorate and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium perchlorate. Further, the antimicrobial activity of synthesized and commercial (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) ionic liquids on certain strains of bacteria and fungi was obtained. Antimicrobial tests were performed using the in vitro microdilution method against isolated strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus bacteria, and the fungus Candida guilliermondii. This method is a rapid, quantitative method for the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using small amounts of samples (µl) and test compound. Based on the obtained results, the influence of the homologous series of chloride oxyanions on hydration and antimicrobial properties of imidazole-based ionic liquids will be discussed.

This study presents the results of volumetric and viscometric measurements of caffeine solutions in an equimolar mixture of ethylene glycol – water, known as antifreeze. Measurements were made in the temperature range T = (283.15 – 313.15) K and up to a caffeine molality of 0.12 mol∙kg-1. Experimental results are supported by molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulations. The obtained results indicate that water molecules have a dominant role in the solvation of caffeine. At the same time, ethylene glycol acts as a dehydrating agent and promotes the self-aggregation of caffeine and the investigated mixture.