Industrial production is currently experiencing a revolutionary transformation through digitization processes and networked technology, so that it necessarily goes through a series of essential changes, which require conceptual design and creation of new terms. In the field of social organization of work, the processes of management and control are experiencing radical changes, and many novelties that bring technological innovations provide the opportunity to analytically observe the interaction relationships of different systems, without losing individuals, organizations and society in the context. Given that digital transformation is not a uniform process, the paper presents the advantages of a holistic approach in the analysis of organizational changes. New ways of organizing work bring various kinds of challenges that must be understood in order to be able to detect the social mechanisms that are at the very basis of change. The paper points out the specific social dimensions of technology that appear during the creation of organizational processes within the framework of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The very term ‘industrial revolution’ is understood in the paper in a broader sense, and includes changes in social relations and the status of certain social groups, and not only changes in the production process and factors of production. The paper explains the status changes in power that are connected with the possibility of making business decisions in various forms of organizational practices, showing the increasingly pronounced complexity of interactional relationships between people and technology, which points to the necessity of interdisciplinary observation and finding a holistic approach to understanding the nature of the changes that are taking place.

Business operations of companies in modern conditions are subject to enormous market, social and especially technological pressures from the environment. Information and communication technologies have become so incorporated both in our everyday life and in the operations of every company, that without them we feel almost lost and helpless. Big Data, as a theoretical (philosophical) concept has existed for decades, but only recently, thanks to the extraordinarily rapid development of information and communication technologies, it has become applicable in practice, and as a business concept it has been recognized as a unique opportunity for success in the business world. Like all organizations, small and medium-sized enterprises can find a unique opportunity to improve their own business in the application of this concept. The number of users is growing exponentially, generating a huge amount of different data every second through different sources (YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, Google, Skype, Internet, E-mail). All those unimaginably large amounts of data need to be stored somewhere: processed, analyzed, presented and interpreted, and then propose (suggest) specific business solutions based on those results. Realization of those activities in real or reasonable time, and often unexpected and surprising conclusions, are made possible by the Big Data concept. This article aims to shed light on the concept and technology of Big Data and its application at the level of small and medium enterprises. Big Data is a theoretical and technological concept, which is able to revolutionize the way of decision-making in companies and achieve extraordinary and concrete results. A secondary, but no less important, goal of writing this paper is to point out the importance of small and medium-sized enterprises, which outnumber the large ones. Most of them strive for a stable, dominant and high market position, so it can be concluded that they are extremely important for development and progress of each country.

The study determined antimicrobial activity using the Disc-diffusion method and extracts of three plants: garlic (Allium sativumL.), turmeric (Curcuma longaL.), and parsley (Petroselinum crispumL.) on Escherichia coli, Salmonella ssp. and Listeria monocytogenes. These pathogens have attracted the attention of numerous agencies and researchers,because of the negative impact on food and human health -and because of the impact of disease development on the economy. These studies are necessary and represent potential natural antimicrobial drugs, and due to the resistance of bacteria to known antibiotics, there is a constant increase in global consumer demand for natural ingredients. The tested plant extracts showed excellent antibacterial activity in all three replicates on Escherichia coliwith an average inhibition zone of 21,86 mm and were characterized as ***S -sensitive for the mentioned bacterium. With an average zone of inhibition of 19,052 mm, Curcuma longashowed the strongest effect on the tested bacterium Salmonella enteritidis, which tells us that this bacteria is very sensitive to the extract of the mentioned plant. The study identified zones of inhibition of very low values (˃ 8 mm) in all three tested extracts: Allium sativumL., Curcuma longaL. Petroselinum crispumL., and Listeria monocytogenes.KEYWORDS:Antimicrobial activity, extract, Disc-diffusion method

Abstract Congenital malformations are defined as structural or functional anomalies that occur in utero or at birth and can be detected at an early age. They are also known as birth defects, disabilities or congenital malformations. Congenital malformations are accompanied by hereditary or developmental disabilities or disease. From the establishment of the registry in early 2019 until the end of 2021, the total number of reported congenital malformations is 449. According to available data from EUROCAT (European network of population-based registries for the epidemiological surveillance of congenital anomalies), the average rate of congenital malformations in the countries of the European Union (EU) is 262/per 10,000 live births, while the registered rate of congenital malformations in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is 261/per 10,000 live births. In the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the highest incidence rate was registered in Sarajevo Canton (175 cases with a rate of 416/10,000 live births) and Tuzla Canton (122 cases with a rate of 356/10,000 live births). The most common congenital malformations are heart defects, cleft lip and palate, musculoskeletal deformities and Down syndrome. In the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) in 2020, 135 children under the age of 5 died, among which 18 children (13.3%) died from congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00-Q99). Congenital malformations can lead to chronic diseases and disabilities, death of infants and children up to five years of age. Congenital malformations represent a significant public health problem, given that they lead to disability, incapacity and pressure on the health system, as well as the problem of social integration of patients. Key messages • The registered rate of congenital malformations in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is 261/per 10,000 live births. • Congenital malformations can lead to chronic diseases and disabilities, death of infants and children up to five years of age.

We propose a novel strategy to construct optimal controllers for continuous-time nonlinear systems by means of linear-like techniques, provided that the optimal value function is differentiable and quadratic-like. This assumption covers a wide range of cases and holds locally around an equilibrium under mild assumptions. The proposed strategy does not require solving the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation, i.e., a nonlinear partial differential equation, which is known to be hard or impossible to solve. Instead, the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation is replaced with an easy-solvable state-dependent Lyapunov matrix equation. We exploit a linear-like factorization of the underlying nonlinear system and a policy-iteration algorithm to yield a linear-like policy-iteration for nonlinear systems. The proposed control strategy solves optimal nonlinear control problems in an asymptotically exact, yet still linear-like manner. We prove optimality of the resulting solution and illustrate the results via four examples.

Introduction: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the most common skin malignancies in the heterogeneous group of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Due to increasing incidence these tumours remain significant health problem worldwide. Methods: We conducted retrospective analysis to evaluate the incidence of primary BCCs and SCCs in our institution from 2003 to 2022, and to correlate it with available clinical data. Results: We noticed that the incidence of NMSC increased between 2018 and 2022 (p<0.01). Among 1570 patients diagnosed with NMSC, BCC represented 77.9% of cases. BCC was constantly more common type of NMSC with statistically significant difference in the period from 2003-2005 and in the period from 2017- 2022 (p<0.01). Nodular subtype of the BCC was the most common, affecting primarily face. Superficial BCC occurred most commonly on trunk (p<0.01), affecting younger patients than the other histological subtypes (mean age 61.29±13.47 years (p<0.01). High-risk BCCs in men were more common on face and scalp (p<0.05). BCCs were predominantly smaller tumours (<2 cm) in contrast to SCCs with highest incidence in pT2-pT4 group (p<0.01). SCC patients were older (mean age 72.89±9.7) than BCC patients (mean age 65.15±12.80) (p<0.01). Conclusion: In order to improve prevention strategies and prevent further increase in incidence, there is need to develop current and exact registries of these malignancies, especially separately BCC and SCC.

Perception of sounds and speech involves structures in the auditory brainstem that rapidly process ongoing auditory stimuli. The role of these structures in speech processing can be investigated by measuring their electrical activity using scalp-mounted electrodes. However, typical analysis methods involve averaging neural responses to many short repetitive stimuli that bear little relevance to daily listening environments. Recently, subcortical responses to more ecologically relevant continuous speech were detected using linear encoding models. These methods estimate the temporal response function (TRF), which is a regression model that minimises the error between the measured neural signal and a predictor derived from the stimulus. Using predictors that model the highly non-linear peripheral auditory system may improve linear TRF estimation accuracy and peak detection. Here, we compare predictors from both simple and complex peripheral auditory models for estimating brainstem TRFs on electroencephalography (EEG) data from 24 participants listening to continuous speech. We also discuss the data length required for estimating subcortical TRFs with clear peaks. Interestingly, predictors from simple models resulted in TRFs that were similar to those estimated using complex models, and were much faster to compute. This work paves the way for efficient modelling and detection of subcortical processing of continuous speech, which may lead to improved diagnosis metrics for hearing impairment and assistive hearing technology.

Tussilago farfara L., also known as coltsfoot, is a plant that has been used since ancient times to relieve coughs. Subsequently, the effectiveness of coltsfoot in the treatment of bronchial asthma, pneumonia and other respiratory diseases was established. In this research, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of different coltsfoot extracts was analyzed. The antioxidant activity was monitored through the DPPH radical inhibition efficiency and the extract's reducing ability. Antibacterial activity was tested using the diffusion technique. Tussilago farfara L. extracts showed extremely high antioxidant activity in in vitro conditions. The highest antioxidant capacity was found in extracts prepared by mixing water and organic solvents. High antibacterial activity was found for ethanolic, acetone and aqueous-ethanolic extracts of coltsfoot.

Introduction: The need for this study on the prevalence of hypodontia in a sample of orthodontic patients from Bosnia and Herzegovina arises from the fact that in the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina, there is a lack of data on the prevalence and distribution of hypodontia as a previously defined, growing global problem and that it could emphasize the importance of its early diagnosis, as this is still the best standard for preventing the occurrence of complications due to a lack of teeth. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the prevalence and distribution of hypodontia in orthodontic patients in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods: The study was conducted in the Orthodontic Department of the University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Dentistry, with the Center for Clinical Dentistry. The study included all patients who presented to the Orthodontic Department in the period from January 2020 to March 2023 and whose diagnostic protocol included panoramic radiographs, which were analyzed for the purposes of this study. The sample consisted of the orthopantomography radiographs of 5084 patients (2031 males and 3053 females). Results: Hypodontia was found in 6.77% of orthodontic patients, of which 38.4% were male patients and 61.6% were female. The teeth most frequently affected by hypodontia were the second premolars (68.15%). After stratifying the sample by jaw, the most common hypodontic tooth was the second premolar in the mandible and the lateral incisor in the maxilla. Conclusion: We can conclude that the prevalence of hypodontia in orthodontic patients in Bosnia and Herzegovina and its distribution are very similar to the general population. The results of this study may help to improve the early diagnosis of hypodontia as a growing problem, which may reduce the complications that may arise from missing a tooth.

Introduction: Insulin resistance (IR) is a complex pathophysiological condition multifactorial etiology characterized by diminished responsiveness of insulin target tissues. Today, various diagnostic approaches involving different laboratory parameters are available, but simple and non-invasive indices based on mathematical models are increasingly used in practice. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of various clinical surrogate indices in predicting IR across a population with varying body weights. Methods: The matched case-control study was conducted between January 2021 and December 2022. Secondary data extracted from the medical records of 129 subjects was analyzed, including demographic characteristics (age and gender), anthropometric measures (height and weight), and biochemical laboratory test results. y further divided into two subgroups based on body mass index (BMI): overweight (BMI between 25 and 29.9 kg/m2) and obese (BMI of 30 kg/m2 or higher). Using laboratory data values for six widely used clinical surrogate markers were calculated: Homeostatic model assessment for IR (HOMA-IR), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), Mcauley index (MCAi), metabolic score for IR (METS-IR), Triglyceride to Glucose Index (TyG), and TyG to BMI (TyG-BMI). Results: Significant differences in HOMA-IR levels were observed between the groups (p < 0.001). A similar pattern was found for the TyG-BMI, with notable differences (p < 0.001). The obese participants had the highest mean levels for METS-IR and the TyG index while the control group had the highest mean values for the QUICKI and MCAi indices (p < 0.001). According to the analysis, three indices showed statistical significance in predicting IR independent of BMI (p < 0.05). Sensitivity and specificity were higher in the obese group (0.704 and 0.891) than in the overweight group (0.631 and 0.721). Conclusion: Given that IR is a multifactorial disease, using derived indices based on a combination of biochemical parameters and anthropometric indicators can significantly aid in predicting and mitigating numerous complications.

Introduction: Aging is a natural, irreversible physiological process that depends on genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Many physiological, biological, psychological, and other factors play a major role. According to the World Health Organization, falls are the second leading cause of unintentional injury death in the world and represent a major global public health problem. Falls are most commonly caused by intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors. A comprehensive assessment of fall risk is critical to the development of effective fall prevention programs. The screening protocol is brief, easy to use, and multifactorial and allows the identification of risk factors for falls. The aim of this study is to investigate the importance of the presence of risk factors in the home environment and the impact on increasing the risk of falls in people in the third age. Methods: The study was conducted in the municipality of Podgorica. 109 elderly people from urban and rural areas were included in the study using the snowball method. The instruments used in our study are a standardized checklist for assessing risk factors in the home environment, inside and outside the home (HASSAT), and a self-assessment scale of one’s own concern about a possible falls efficacy scale international. The survey was conducted from the end of October to the end of November 2023. Results: There is a statistically significant difference in social and physical activities of daily living in the area of concern about falling. When analyzing the overall result of the fear of falling scale in relation to gender, a significant statistical difference is found. The analysis of the individual rooms in relation to the age of the respondents shows that there is a significant statistical difference. Conclusion: The results obtained show that the high risk of falling is present in all rooms of the home environment for people in their 3rd year of life and that fear of falling increases with age.