Although midwifery in Serbia has a long tradition, in the last decades, and especially in the last years since the Republic of Serbia is in the process of joining the European Union, this profession faces numerous challenges both in the context of formal education and the role that in the 21st century midwife has in practice. The midwife profession is faced with numerous challenges related to demographic trends and demands and expectations of a contemporary woman. The aim of the paper was to examine the difference in standards in the education of midwives in Serbia, and the neighbouring countries and Europe. Professional publications related to education and practice of midwives, published in Serbia, the neighbouring countries and Europe have been used. According to the presentation of standards and competencies of midwives in Serbia and education standards under Directive 2005/36/EZ and 2013/55/EU as well as the role and tasks midwives have in our country and European countries, there is a need for harmonization of standards in the education of midwife nurses and accreditation of joint study programs of professional master studies for nurses and midwives within the educational system of Serbia, all in the context of new paradigm of health care, which implies a holistic approach to women's health, a personalized approach and a self-protection concept. It is necessary to reform the education system of midwives in Serbia in accordance with the requirements of Directive2005/36/EZ, 2013/55 / EU.

This paper discusses the situation of older people in Serbia – development and current state of art, their marginalization and ageism in the society. Stereotypes and media are in the focus, since many researches show that their impact on the adult population is huge, and they act as a ‘massive’ adult educator in the public space. An educational measure and its impact are shown in the paper, and the results of the project are presented, where several adult education organisations took part, aiming at change of the image of elderly in the society.

Transplantable mouse methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma (CMC4 tumour growing in CBA/HZgr mice), characterized by lung metastases developing shortly after local tumour cell transplantation, was used as an experimental model to investigate the problem of tumour metastases after local tumour treatment. Surgery and/or irradiation were performed on locally growing tumour of particular size. Further, heavily irradiated, viable but not dividing tumour cells, imitating the situation in treated tumour-bearing organism, were injected intraperitoneally in a parallel group of treated tumour-bearing mice. The animals were killed 35 days after tumour transplantation and the number and volume of lung metastases were determined. Depending on the treatment performed, when the tumour mass was reduced or even eliminated, the number of lung metastases and their volume were significantly lower than in control mice, but the addition of tumour mass (injection of heavily irradiated tumour cells) resulted in a significant increase in lung metastases parameters, pointing to a possible role of the host’s immune reaction against the tumour. Further, the release of a simple molecule, such as nitric oxide, from tumour mass seems to be detrimental for the survival of tumour cells and subsequently their metastases through the induction of angiogenesis and possible suppression of immune reaction. Thus, complex mechanisms could be involved when a locally growing tumour is exposed to a particular therapeutic approach. Introduction Numerous approaches have been attempted in controlling tumour growth. Some of them, such as surgery, irradiation, or chemotherapy are still main clinical approaches either alone or in particular combinations. However, the fate of distant metastases after the treatment of locally growing tumour, particularly by using surgical treatment and/or tumour irradiation, is still an open question (Baum and Badwe,1994; Demicheli, 2001; Demicheli et al., 2001; Fidler, 2002; Baum et al., 2005; Khokha and Voura, 2005). Actually, numerous clinical reports point to the problem that metastasis growth could be accelerated following local tumor treatment (Demicheli et al., 2001; Benouchan and Colombo, 2005; Khokha and Voura, 2005; Mocellin et al., 2006). It should be mentioned that the immune reactivity of a tumour-bearing organism is detrimental either for tumour growth or for host survival (Heppner and Miller, 1998; Bubenik and Šimova, 2005; Indrova et al., 2008). This reactivity depends upon tumour mass and therapeutic approaches affecting local and/or disseminated tumour growth (Jurin and Suit, 1974; Heppner and Miller, 1998; Bubenik and Šimova, 2005; De Visser et al., 2006; Indrova et al., 2008). Further, it has been well documented that removal of the primary tumour reduces angiogenesis inhibitors, and a sharp spike in angiogenesis stimulators and growth factors is known to be involved in wound healing (Baum and Badwe, 1994; Baum et al., 2005). Thus, it is not surprising that tumour angiogenesis and its proliferation occur after (surgical) removal of locally growing tumour, and this act could be a trigger for “kick-starting” the growth of earlier established micro-metastases. Thus, the complex situation in a tumour-bearing organism could be further aggravated by anti-tumour therapy. In this study, transplantable, methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma in mice, characterized by lung metastases developing shortly after local tumour cell transplantation, was investigated. The surgical approach and/or irradiation were performed on a locally growing tumour of a particular size. To increase tumour mass (viable, but not growing tumour), heavily irradiated tumour cells were injected intraperitoneally (ip) in a parallel Received: March 12, 2009. Accepted: April 20, 2009. This research work was supported by the Ministry of Science of Republic Croatia (project 1-08-198). Corresponding author: Mislav Jurin, Department of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. Phone: (+385) 1 4680091; Fax. (+385) 1 4561010; e-mail: jurin@irb.hr Abbreviation: ip – intraperitoneally. Folia Biologica (Praha) 55, 177-182 (2009)

cattle drinking water QUality-welfare indicator sUmmary The paper describes the importance of hygienic quality of drinking water and its influence on health, productivity and welfare of cattle. Quality of water from four different sources was determined in a laboratory by testing the organoleptic, physico-chemical and bacteriologic parameters. Samples that were not in compliance with the requirements of the Croatian standards for drinking water were disinfected, in vitro, with chlorine and hydrogen per-oxide based disinfectants. In a field study such disinfected water was offered to cattle. The study results, obtained by monitoring the drinking behaviour of cattle, have shown no preferences of non-disinfected over disinfected water with possible changed taste or odour.

Devido ao importante valor nutricional e econômico que os leites bovinos e caprinos possuem, estes são constantemente alvos de fraudes. No presente trabalho foram desenvolvidos dois estudos. No primeiro estudo foi realizado a caracterização dos componentes presentes nos leites bovino e caprino através da espectroscopia vibracional Raman e de infravermelho (MIR e NIR). Em seguida, buscou-se avaliar o uso das técnicas de análise multivariadas, como a Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) e de regressão por Mínimo Quadrados Parciais (PLS), associadas as técnicas de espectroscopia vibracional como métodos alternativos de detecção de fraude no leite caprino cru adulterado com a adição de leite bovino cru. Os modelos de PCA gerados com os dados de espectroscopia Raman e MIR apresentaram resultados satisfatórios na discriminação das amostras de 90-100% de leite caprino, as quais foram adulteradas com passos de 2% de leite bovino. Nas análises de PLS realizadas nas amostras com 60-100% de leite caprino e adulteradas com passos de 2% de leite bovino, as curvas de calibração foram obtidas com valor de 𝑅 2 ≥ 0,995. No segundo estudo realizado, buscou-se obter à amplificação de sinal Raman do leite bovino pasteurizado utilizando substratos SERS (Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy) ativos. Nesse estudo os substratos SERS utilizados foram produzidos em matrizes vítreas de borofosfato contendo determinadas concentrações de nitrato de prata (AgNO3 ) como agente precursor. As nanoestruturas metálicas de prata foram crescidas na superfície dos substratos SERS através do método bottom-up, com atmosfera de hidrogênio controlada e tempos de 1, 3, 5, 8 e 11 minutos de tratamento de recozimento térmico na temperatura de 300 ºC. Utilizando um laser com linha em 488nm, todos os substratos SERS ativos mostraram atividade SERS e amplificaram o sinal Raman do leite bovino pasteurizado. Destacam-se os substratos SERS dopados com 1% e 6% de íons de prata com tempo de recozimento de 3 e 11 minutos, que apresentaram fatores de eficiência SERS de 9,1 e 16,2 respectivamente.