This systematic review considers the most recent attitudes and news regarding the influence of the stroma on tumor initiation and progression. It is now widely accepted that tumor stroma plays an active role in carcinogenesis. Many different signaling molecules, ligands and signaling pathways recently have been discovered. This review considers the complexity of interactions between malignant cells and its stroma (cross-talk). The recent advances and better understanding of the tumor-stroma interactions will have important impact on the new and combined therapeutic approaches and modalities.

The use of computer navigation in orthopedic surgery allows for real time intraoperative feedback resulting in higher precision of bone cuts, better alignment of implants and extremities, easier fracture reductions, less radiation and better documentation than what is possible in classical orthopaedic procedures. There is no need for direct and repeated visualization of many anatomical landmarks (classical method) in order to have good intraoperative orientation. Navigation technology depicts anatomy and position of "smart tools" on the screen allowing for high surgical precision (smaller number of outliers from desired goal) and with less soft tissue dissection (minimally invasive surgery - MIS). As a result, there are more happy patients with less pain, faster recovery, better functional outcome and well positioned, long lasting implants. In general, navigation cases are longer on the average 10 to 20 minutes, special training is required and equipment is relatively expensive. CAOS applications in knee and hip joint replacement are discussed.

As for the third age, psychophysical abilities of humans gradually decrease, while the ability of adaptation to endogenous and exogenous burdens is going down. In 1987, "Harada" et al. (1) have found out that 9.5 million persons in USA have difficulties running daily activities, while 59% of them (which is 5.6 million) are older than 65 years in age. The study has encompassed 77 questioned persons of both sexes with their average age 71.73 +/- 5.63 (scope of 65-90 years in age), chosen by random sampling. Each patient has been questioned in his/her own home and familiar to great extent with the methodology and aims of the questionnaire. Percentage of questioned women was 64.94% (50 patients) while the percentage for men was 35.06% (27 patients). As for the value of risk factor score achieved conducting the questionnaire and B-POMA test, there are statistically significant differences between men and women, as well as between patients who fell and those who never did. As for the way of life (alone or in the community), there are no significant statistical differences. Average results gained through B-POMA test in this study are statistically significantly higher in men and patients who did not provide data about falling, while there was no statistically significant difference in the way of life. In relation to the percentage of maximum number of positive answers to particular questions, regarding gender, way of life and the data about falling, there were no statistically significant differences between the value of B-POMA test and the risk factor score (the questionnaire).

Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi metabolicki status visokomlijecnih krava u prvih 120 dana laktacije na tri obiteljske farme razlicite s obzirom na pasminsku strukturu, nacin ishrane i držanje životinja. Istraživanjem je bilo obuhvaceno ukupno 65 krava (farma A, n=30, Holstein-Frisien pasmina-HF, slobodni nacin držanja ; farma B, n=16, simentalska pasmina, vezani nacin držanja ; farma C, n=19, HF pasmina, vezani nacin držanja), starosti između tri i sedam godina. Uzorci krvi i mlijeka za analizu uzeti su od svake krave u prvih 30 dana laktacije, između 30. i 60. dana, 60. i 90. dana i 90. i 120. dana laktacije. U prvih 30 dana laktacije utvrđena je znacajno niža (p<0, 05) koncentracija glukoze i albumina, manja aktivnost ALT i veca aktivnost AST u odnosu na ostala promatrana razdoblja. Koncentracija BHMK i uree u krvi i mlijeku nije se znacajno mijenjala tijekom razdoblja rane laktacije, dok je na njihovu koncentraciju kao i na koncentraciju UP u krvi znacajan utjecaj imala farma. Najniža proizvodnja mlijeka kao i znacajno niža koncentracija UP, uree i BHMK u krvi te uree i BHMK u mlijeku utvrđena je na farmi B u odnosu na ostale dvije farme (P<0, 05).

Speaking about transition in agriculture, we think on agriculture in transition countries, that is Central and Eastern European Countries. Such development is observed from the perspective of the European Union, discussing about possibilities as well as restrictions brought with accession of the CEECs to the Union, but also from the CEECs point of view. In this analysis we examine some consequences of changes in agricultural policy in the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The general conception should help in recognizing strategical guidelines for local development of agriculture and rural areas within the current and coming frame of Bosnia and Herzegovina. By the process of adjusting the agricultural sector, but also the agricultural policy, it should be improved competitiveness of domestic agriculture. That is why in this paper we use the cost-benefi t analysis in estimation the consequences of changes in subsidies and custom rates in specifi c case of construction new plantations and production of apples, that is in evaluation advantages and limitations of agriculture. The results of the analysis provide more objective illustration of domestic agricultural sector in internatioal environment.

A general approach for calculating spectral and optical properties of pigment-protein complexes of known atomic structure is presented. The method, that combines molecular dynamics simulations, quantum chemistry calculations, and statistical mechanical modeling, is demonstrated by calculating the absorption and circular dichroism spectra of the B800-B850 bacteriochlorophylls of the LH2 antenna complex from Rs. molischianum at room temperature. The calculated spectra are found to be in good agreement with the available experimental results. The calculations reveal that the broadening of the B800 band is mainly caused by the interactions with the polar protein environment, while the broadening of the B850 band is due to the excitonic interactions. Since it contains no fitting parameters, in principle, the proposed method can be used to predict optical spectra of arbitrary pigment-protein complexes of known structure.

The ovarian hormone privation causes functional and hormonal disorders, as sexual dysfunction, loss of libido, increase of osteoporosis risk and heart disease, lioprotein levels change and ponderal gain. Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by an disorder between resorption and bone formation with a consequent increase in bone fragility. The objective of the present investigation was to describe the experimental ovariectomy (OVT) effects on the bone metabolism and on the ponderal gain of the adults wistar rats. Adult rats were under the OVT procedure or sham operated. After 30 days, blood was collectded for the quantitative serum estrogen and after 60 days the animals were sacrified for the serum and bone analysis. The dietary consumption and the weight increase were evaluated twice and once a week respectively. The OVT rats had statistically higher averages (p > 0,05) for the dietary consumption, weight gain and alkaline phosphatase activity in the serum and lower (p < 0,05) for the serum estrogen concentration, calcium content, radiodensity and bone proportional limit comparing to the sham-operated rats. Besides the quantitative analysis, the OVT rats had femurs with theirs surface containing deep resorption gaps, confirming that the ovariectomy rats are a great osteoporosis study model on post menopause women.