Next generation sequencing has enabled systematic discovery of mutational spectra in cancer samples. Here, we used whole genome sequencing to characterize somatic mutations and structural variation in a primary acral melanoma and its lymph node metastasis. Our data show that the somatic mutational rates in this acral melanoma sample pair were more comparable to the rates reported in cancer genomes not associated with mutagenic exposure than in the genome of a melanoma cell line or the transcriptome of melanoma short-term cultures. Despite the perception that acral skin is sun-protected, the dominant mutational signature in these samples is compatible with damage due to ultraviolet light exposure. A nonsense mutation in ERCC5 discovered in both the primary and metastatic tumors could also have contributed to the mutational signature through accumulation of unrepaired dipyrimidine lesions. However, evidence of transcription-coupled repair was suggested by the lower mutational rate in the transcribed regions and expressed genes. The primary and the metastasis are highly similar at the level of global gene copy number alterations, loss of heterozygosity and single nucleotide variation (SNV). Furthermore, the majority of the SNVs in the primary tumor were propagated in the metastasis and one nonsynonymous coding SNV and one splice site mutation appeared to arise de novo in the metastatic lesion.

The relevance of an exchange-rate policy is at top priority list of the monetary authority especially taking into account that the main function of CB or monetary authority is to maintain the stability of the domestic currency. Namely, with the processes of globalization and internationalization of the financial markets the exchange rate of the national currency is more significantly influenced by trends and movements of their most important (global currencies) world currency exchange rates. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview and analysis of development and application of CBA in B&H primary with the aspect of achievement of its functioning as well as its sustainability. Starting from the problem and research objectives following hypothesis is set: Application of CBA in B&H led to the preservation of monetary stability in B&H. For the purposes of assessment of sustainability CBA in B&H we used four types of indicators: Indicator of currency board stability, Indicator of coverage monetary base by foreign reserves, Indicators of coverage monetary base by money supply, as well as Indicator of coverage monetary liabilities by net foreign reserves. The introduction of the CBA in B&H has proved to be very successful. Regulation of the monetary system and restore lost public confidence were significant results of CBA policy.

Zagreb indices belong to better known and better researched topological indices. We investigate here their ability to discriminate among benzenoid graphs and arrive at some quite unexpected conclusions. Along the way we establish tight (and sometimes sharp) lower and upper bounds on various classes of benzenoids.