MORRIS F. COLLEN (1913-2014) Morris F. Collen was born in St. Paul, Minnesota (1, 2). He attended the University of Minnesota, where he earned a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering in 1935. In 1938 he earned his MD “with distinction” from the School of Medicine and completed a residency in internal medicine at USC/ Los Angeles County General Hospital (3). Dr. Morris Collen has had a profound infl uence, not only on the creation of the fi eld of informatics, but also on healthcare delivery and the creation of new models of payment and prevention. Dr. Collen's remarkable career began in 1942 when he was selected by Dr. Sidney Garfi eld, a surgeon, to join him as an internist in a California group practice. Drs Garfi eld and Collen subsequently worked with the industrialist Henry Kaiser, who is credited with creating one of the fi rst comprehensive prepaid health plans for both offi ce and hospital care. This led to the establishment of Kaiser Permanente in the post-World War II period plus a comprehensive infrastructure of hospitals in the Bay Area near San Francisco and near Portland, Oregon. In the subsequent decades, the Kaiser organization grew to become a nationwide healthcare provider with millions of enrollees. Collen became a nationally recognized authority on the treatment of pneumonia during World War II. His gift for research showed early in his published studies in The Permanente Foundation Medical Bulletin of which he was long-time editor. After two decades as an internist with Kaiser Permanente, his career took a turn into early medical information technology. Morris Collen and his team set to work to automate the 10-year-old multiphasic health screening exam to develop a prototype electronic health record. Within a decade, Dr. Collen accumulated several millions of health checkup data sets on more than a million subjects, creating in the process not only a prototype electronic health record, but also a phenomenal and unique basis for research, and this despite the immaturity of the technology available in the fi fties and sixties. For the pursuit of the scientifi c aspects of his work, Dr. Collen founded the Medical Methods Research Division within Kaiser Permanente in Oakland, to which he added the Division of Technology Assessment in 1979 that he directed until his retirement in 1983, at age 70. He was elected to membership in the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences (1971), and has served in many capacities on many committees of the National Library of Medicine (3). By the time of his retirement that year, Dr. Collen listed some 150 publications in his scientifi c output and had held appointments at multiple fi rst-class universities, including Johns Hopkins and Stanford. His work „Hospital Information Systems“ and „Multiphasic Health Testing Services“, both became classics. The Morris F. Collen Award is given each year, when appropriate, to pioneers in the fi eld of medical informatics who best exemplify the teaching and practice of Morrie Collen (3).

ABSTRACT Technological diseases are diseases of the modern era. Some are caused by occupational exposures, and are marked with direct professional relation, or the action of harmful effects in the workplace. Due to the increasing incidence of these diseases on specific workplaces which may be caused by one or more causal factors present in the workplace today, these diseases are considered as professional diseases. Severity of technological disease usually responds to the level and duration of exposure, and usually occurs after many years of exposure to harmful factor. Technological diseases occur due to excessive work at the computer, or excessive use of keyboards and computer mice, especially the non-ergonomic ones. This paper deals with the diseases of the neck, shoulder, elbow and wrist (cervical radiculopathy, mouse shoulder and carpal tunnel syndrome), as is currently the most common diseases of technology in our country and abroad. These three diseases can be caused by long-term load and physical effort, and are tied to specific occupations, such as occupations associated with prolonged sitting, working at the computer and work related to the fixed telephone communication, as well as certain types of sports (tennis, golf and others).

Background: This study was carried out among undergraduate students at the University of Tuzla (Bosna and Herzegovina) with the objective of examining gender differences in the body mass index (BMI) and the level of Physical Activity (PA) among respondents. Material/Methods: This study was conducted to: determine the body mass index (BMI) and the average weekly number of hours of sport activity in the last six months (PA). A research sample was made of female students (n=330) in the chronological age of 19.3+1.5 yrs, 60.7%, and of male students (n=213) in the chronological age of 20.0+1.8 yrs, 39.2%. Results: On average, the students (both female and male) spend 5.60 (5.03) hours on physical activity per week. Female students spend 4.05 (4.32) hours, while male students dedicate 8.11 (5.30) hours to physical activities. It can be concluded that in principle the students practice physical activities and recreation, but still 1/5 of all students are inactive. The obtained results for the BMI show that the majority of students are in the zone of normal values: female – 278 (84.2%); male – 157 (73.7%). Correlations between BMI and PA amount to (R=.214; p<0.01) and (R 2 =.046; p<0.01). The results of the T-test show a more significant statistical variable of differences between female and male students at the level of p<0.05. In comparison to female students, male students have 2.35 kg/m 2 higher BMI, and they are more active in physical activities for 4.06 hours in comparison to women. Conclusions: The focus should be directed to the education of young people, because they can easily adopt healthy habits that should be maintained for life. These results point out the necessity of an integrated approach to prevention and control of risk factors, particularly among youth.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Preoperative kidney tumor embolization is standard procedure for therapy in advanced kidney cancer. Preoperative embolization has a goal to reduce intraoperative bleeding and also to shorten the time of surgery. Materials and methods: We retrospectively observed 50 patients between 2000-2011, in which the preoperative embolization was performed. Mean age of patients was 64 years. All patients with preoperative embolization were compared with the group of 51 patients from Urology Sarajevo, who underwent nephrectomy without preoperative embolization. Results: Symptoms that are dominating among patients were haematuria and pain. Analysis of mean size of tumors based on CT evaluation showed statistically significance in between the biggest size of tumors in group from Hamburg (9.11±3cm) and the smallest size of tumors in Sarajevo group (4.94±1.6cm) p=0.0001. Reason for this is difference in selection of patients for treatment in Hamburg from Sarajevo. Conclusion Kidney as functional finishing organ is extremely suitable for transcatheter therapeutic procedures. The gold standard in the treatment of advanced and metastatic tumor is the nephrectomy. As preparation for nephrectomy in metastatic cancer total capillary embolization is performed. After embolization, surgery is shorter, procedure can be done 24-48 hours after embolization or delayed nephrectomy done 2-3 weeks after the intervention.

Health conditions in Vranje during the Ottoman rule were similar to the situation in the rest of Serbia at that time with poor organized health services. People asked for help for the treatment of "hakims", barbers, doctors and selfeducated folk healers. In the stores that were out of control, in addition to other goods, many medicines, raw materials for making medicines and poisons could be procured from Greece and Turkey. In the 20th century people could still remember various balms, splash, teas, syrups and "madzun" that could be bought in the shops of that time. At the beginning of the 19th century in Vranje, as well as in Serbia, the only help for the sick was provided by Greek self-taught healers, "kaloijatri". There was a self-taught folk healer Mika Stosi who became known in Vranje as "hakim"Mika. "Hakim" Mika died in Constantinople in 1854, where he had gone in order to solve the national status for the Municipality of Vranje . He conveyed his knowledge to his sons Zafir and Dimitrije. Dimitrije was successfully practicing medicine for ten years after his father's death, until a prominent Turk child who was treated by Dimitrije died. Fearing that he would be blamed for the child’s death, "hakim Dimitra " as he was called, committed suicide . A Turkish medical assistant Naum Markovi , who graduated from Medical School in Constantinople, came to Vranje in 1862 . Being a medical assistant (at that time a Turkish title "felcer" was used for this educational degree), he had the right to examine and treat patients and to prepare and sell medicines. In his twofloor house he opened an outpatient department and a pharmacy store where he prepared various preparations in the form of decocts and infusions and many others. Felcer Naum regularly went to Thessaloniki and Constantinople in order to supply his shop with the necessary materials and drugs of herbal, animal and mineral origin. The aim of this paper was to present the historical development of the first community pharmacy in Vranje with the focus on its personnel, legal conditions and pharmacy regulations from the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. The method of historical analysis was employed. Manual documentary analysis of original sources and desk research analysis from the secondary sources were conducted.

Aim To explore the distribution and polymorphisms of 23 short tandem repeat (STR) loci on the Y chromosome in the Turkish population recently settled in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina and to investigate its genetic relationships with the homeland Turkish population and neighboring populations. Methods This study included 100 healthy unrelated male individuals from the Turkish population living in Sarajevo. Buccal swab samples were collected as a DNA source. Genomic DNA was extracted using the salting out method and amplification was performed using PowerPlex Y 23 amplification kit. The studied population was compared to other populations using pairwise genetic distances, which were represented with a multi-dimensional scaling plot. Results Haplotype and allele frequencies of the sample population were calculated and the results showed that all 100 samples had unique haplotypes. The most polymorphic locus was DYS458, and the least polymorphic DYS391. The observed haplotype diversity was 1.0000 ± 0.0014, with a discrimination capacity of 1.00 and the match probability of 0.01. Rst values showed that our sample population was closely related in both dimensions to the Lebanese and Iraqi populations, while it was more distant from Bosnian, Croatian, and Macedonian populations. Conclusion Turkish population residing in Sarajevo could be observed as a representative Turkish population, since our results were consistent with those previously published for the homeland Turkish population. Also, this study once again proved that geographically close populations were genetically more related to each other.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Due to the geographical position of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its socio economic momentum even though the standard vaccination program is carried out, the child population continues to suffer from pulmonary tuberculosis in significant percentage. Material and methods: The study was retrospective and included patients who were in the period from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2013 (or the 10 years period) hospitalized at the Department of Pulmonology Pediatric Clinic dually diagnosed with lung TB and start treatment. Data were adopted from available medical records (history of disease). Goal: The aim of the study was to determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of tuberculosis of the lungs in children who were hospitalized at the Pediatric Clinic. Results: In the period from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2013 there were hospitalized a total of 50 children with a proven active infection with MBT, where it was initiated treatment with a specific therapy. From this number 44% of patients were aged from 5 to 10 years, 22% of patients were aged younger than 5 years. Peak incidence was in 2009. About 66% of patients had a positive history of sick close relative, while 10% of them had a history of contact with other sick person. From baseline 28% of patients were referred to the Department with suspicion of a specific process. From the total 70% of respondents were regularly vaccinated, and 29% of them had a visible BCG scar. In 55% of cases there was anamnestic information - decresed body weight, in 82% of cases the presence of cough, of which 52% of the occurrence of expectoration. In 78% of cases we had positive auscultatory findings of the lungs. In 14% of cases on X-ray of the lungs was noticed changes in terms of the primary complex positive. In this material we had one cavernous and one miliary TB of the lungs. Sputum or gastric lavage was positive in 62% of cases, and Quantiferon because of the lack of the same (in the past) was positive in 34% of cases. All subjects at the time of discharge were classified as recovered. In that period we had proven resistant TB. Conclusion: Bosnia and Herzegovina belongs to the group of countries with still present and evident TB. In the investigated period of ten years from the pediatric pulmonary TB, usually have suffered small children and adolescents. At moment of discharge, all patients were classified as recovered. In the teste material we did not have proven resistant TB.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Risk factors for development of extremity artery atherosclerosis are the same as for coronary and cerebrovascular atherosclerosis namely, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, arterial hypertension, age and smoking. Atherosclerosis is polyarterial disease that clinically manifests itself most frequently in the form coronary, cerebrovascular or peripheral arterial disease (PAD). All of them have common, ominous and final pathologic step – atherosclerotic plaque rupture that might eventually lead to atherothrombosis and signs of ischemia. There are few studies of risk factor for peripheral artery disease (PAD). Aim of study: To identify prevalence of known risk factors for atherosclerosis in patients treated for acute atherothrombosis of extremity arteries. Patients and methods: Eighty patient were analyzed with regard to the prevalence of five risk factors for atherosclerosis (diabetes mellitus, smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and age). 80 patients were divided into two groups (Group A and B) depending on country i.e. hospital where they received treatment for acute atherothrombosis of extremity artery. Group A consisted of patients treated at Clinic for vascular surgery in Sarajevo, while patients in Group B were treated in Trollhattan in Sweden at NAL hospital. This study was clinical, comparative, retrospective-prospective. Results: In group A, 20% of patients had diabetes mellitus while in group B prevalence of diabetics was lower (12,5%) but difference was not statistically significant p>0.05. Sixty percent of patients (60%) in group A were smokers. In Sweden, habit of smoking is not as common as in Balkan countries and consequently only 22,5% of patients were smokers in Group l, difference was statistically significant, p<0.05. In patients assigned to group A, 42.5% of them had diagnosis of hypertension while in Group B, 35% of patients were hypertensive. Difference was not statistically significant, p>0.05. 37.5% of patients in group A and 20% of patients in group B had hyperlipidemia. Difference was not statistically significant, p>0.05. In Group A mean age of patients was 67.85 years while mean age in Group B was 73.63. Age difference was statistically significant, p<0.05. Conclusion: Prevalence of risk factors of atherosclerosis in peripheral artery disease were evaluated in this study. Significant difference in prevalence of two risk factors were determined namely, smoking and mean age of occurrence of atherothrombosis. Quiting smoking and adopting healthier life habits may lead to reduction of prevalence PAD in younger patients in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In Bosnia and Herzegovina according to available data, treatment of incompetent superficial lower extremity varicose veins by endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) has been introduced two years ago and so far no paper has been published regarding results of EVLA treatment of patients from our country. We wanted to present our results with EVLA treatment. Aim of study: to evaluate and compare primary posttreatment outcomes of endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) with classical surgical method of varicose vein treatment. Patients and methods: The study was clinical and prospective. It was carried out at Clinic for vascular surgery in Sarajevo where fifty-eight (58) patients received surgical treatment for varicose veins and in Aesthetic Surgery Center “Nasa mala klinika” in Sarajevo were sixty-one (61) patients with varicose veins were treated by endovenous laser ablation. Total 119 patients (limbs) with pathologic reflux only in great saphenous vein were evaluated between 1st of January 2013 and 31st of April 2014. Following primary outcome endpoints were evaluated smean day of return to normal everyday activities, patient subjective quantification of pain during first seven days after intervention, incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT), incidence of wound bleeding requiring surgical intervention, incidence of peri-saphenous vein hematoma and infection rate. Results: Mean of return to normal activities (expressed in days after intervention); EVLA vs. stripping (surgery) =1.21vs12.24, T test 13,619; p=0, 000, p<0,05. T test was used for comparing Mean value of visual pain analog scale for the first 7 days between groups, for all seven days pain was significantly higher in surgical group of patients as compared to EVLA group; p<0,05. Incidence of hematoma greater than 1% of total body surface area was significantly higher in patients receiving surgical treatment; Pearson Chi Square=23,830, p<0,05; odds ratio:10,453. Incidences of infection, deep venous thrombosis and posttreatment bleeding were not statistically different between analyzed groups; EVLA vs Surgery (Pearson Chi Square =3,237; p>0,05; Pearson Chi Square=2,139, p>0,05, Pearson Chi Square=2,139, p>0,05, respectively.) Conclusion: EVLA offers better patient recovery in terms of significantly lower post treatment pain, faster return to everyday activities and lower incidence of bruising (hematomas).