ABSTRACT Introduction: The morphological anatomy of the posterior circulation is very complex and variable. Aims of this research were to document the morphological anatomy of the posterior circulation along with variations in the Bosnian population, in patients with or without aneurysm. Measurements of the outer diameters of the vertebral artery, basilar artery and posterior cerebral artery were taken. The second aim was to determine the possible relationship between diameters of the area with subsequent aneurysm formation. Material and Methods: The study involved 60 consecutive patients, adults of both sexes, treated in the UKC Tuzla.The patients were divided into two groups. One group consisted of the patients without aneurysm of basilar artery, and the other group of patients with aneurysm. All the 60 patients were treated by means of MRI angiography. Results: The mean diameter of the vertebral artery was 2,43 mm; 3.61 mm on the right and 2,83 mm; 3,94 mm on the left. The diameter of the basilar artery varied from 3, 8 mm; 3, 43 mm. The diameter of the posterior cerebral arteries 2, 5 mm; 2,52 mm on the right and 2,46 mm; 2,62 mm on the left. Conclusions: We have documented the various morphometry variations as well as the differences of the anatomy in this area in Bosnian population as compared to the medicine literature.

Introduction: The quality of teaching at the universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as abroad depends on many factors, among which are: adequate space for teaching, teaching staff, equipment and technical aids to assist the teaching process, which are in accordance with existing standards and norms. Opinion of students plays an important role in measuring the quality of education. The goal: was to compare the quality of the teaching process students which study according to the Bologna system and students who are studying according to the old system. Material and methods: We used a questionnaire containing variables relevant to test the success of the teaching process at the Faculty of Medicine in Sarajevo. The survey was conducted among the students of the sixth year of the Medical Faculty in Sarajevo. The study included 138 students of which 85 students who are studying according to the Bologna system and 53 students who are studying according the old system. Results: The results showed that the students of both groups assessed similarly basic elements of the teaching process. A statistically significant difference is found in the evaluation of the relationship of teachers, assistants, the number of students and the evaluation of space for teaching, practice and studying. Students of the Bologna system believe that assistants should offer more empirical examples and that the exercises are not well designed, unlike the old system students who are satisfied with the concept of practical exercises. A small number of students, in both groups had the opportunity to exercise on the model how to administer injections, while the model for intubation and simulation model used more students of the Bologna system. From the baseline 55% of Bologna students and 48% of students which study according to old system, considered that they are ready to work independently. Discussion: Quality of medical education at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo evaluated by students studying under the old system was not satisfactory in a number of variables that has been shown in this study. Students who are studying according to the Bologna system are more satisfied and most of the variables that were used in this research were evaluated positively. Conclusion: Although in this study is pointed to the many positive features of the Bologna system, in Bosnia and Herzegovina still exist many shortcomings in this study system. It is necessary to carry out many of the changes in our universities through the Bologna process. Primary it is necessary changes to studies curricula, their alignment with the programs of other European universities, modernization of facilities and their alignment with the programs of other European universities, a new method of selection of teachers and their engagement at the university.

In the year 2013 Medical Archives journal has published a total of 125 articles (it was until now most extensive volume of the journal). Submission was carried out only electronically trough the Data Base Management System: www.scopemed.org. The journal has its own web site: www.avicenapublisher.org and it is possible to download full articles in PDF format. Most reviewers are from Bosnia and Herzegovina, but there is a significant number published articles from other countries. A large number of articles was returned to authors due to linguistic and technical shortcomings, but also relatively poor scientific content. There is ongoing work on the promotion of peer reviewing process to prevent deceits, but also to improve journal scientometrics indicators (impact factor, citation of the article, journal citations, the number and order of authors in articles, etc.). Rejection rate was up to 60%. The structure of the articles published in the Medical Archives during 2013 was dominated by the original articles - 102, followed by case reports - 11, reviews - 2 and research papers - 3. Each issue of the journal as a rule contain contributions such as: news, book reviews, in memoriam etc. Last year is also published the Guidelines with professional and educational features (1,2,3). The authors of the article published in the Medical Archives in 2013 were from 24 countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Iran, Qatar, Turkey, USA, Egypt, Albania, Austria, Macedonia, Malaysia, Sudan, Iraq, China, India, Greece, Germany, Netherlands, Japan, Morocco, Sweden, Canada, United Kingdom, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia. The largest number of authors was from Bosnia and Herzegovina - 72, then from Iran - 11; Kosovo - 12; Albania - 8, Turkey - 3, etc. The ratio of articles by authors from Bosnia and Herzegovina and abroad is 59 : 66. According to the medical fields of the published articles, the largest number was from clinical medicine - 111, followed by articles from preclinical disciplines - 8 and Public Health - 6. The largest number of articles was from the field of internal medicine - 38.7%, then, surgery - 20.7%, neuropsychiatry - 8.1%, gynecology and obstetrics - 8.1%, ophthalmology - 6.3%, oncology - 5.3%, etc. From the area of preclinical disciplines dominated articles on pharmacology and microbiology. The time period from acceptance to publication of articles (received/accepted time): 60-69 days was presented in 29 cases, then, 50-59 days in 24 cases, 40 -49 days in 20 cases, 70-79 days in 18 cases, while the interval - over 100 days was only in four cases. So, the largest number of papers was waiting for publication between 2 and 3 months. The reviewers of the articles published in Medical Archives in 2013 were: Damir Aganovic (BiH) Omid Aghadavoudi (Iran) John Alfred (Ethiopia) Kenan Arnautovic (USA) Mehmedali Azemi (Kosova) Adem Balic (BiH) Marion Ball (USA) Rusmir Baljic (BiH) Jacob Bergsland (Norwey) Alma Bravo (BiH) Marko Buksa (BiH) Genc Burazeri (Albania) Vesna Cukic (BiH) Vida Demarin (Croatia) Marianna Diomidous (Greece) Doncho Donev (Macedonia) Masoud Ferdosi (Iran) Armen Yuri Gasparyan (UK) Vjekoslav Gerc (BiH) Zulfo Godinjak (BiH) Mirko Grujic (BiH) Safet Guska (BiH) Izet Hozo (Croatia) Jacob Hofdijk (The Netherlands) Zlatko Hrgovic (Germany) Mohammad Adnan Hourani (Lebanon) Hilmi Islami (Kosova) Sebija Izetbegovic (BiH) Mahira Jahic (BiH) Naim Jerliu (Kosova) Ahmet Karabulut (Turkey) Jasenko Karamehic (BiH) Roya Kelishadi (Iran) Drilona Kishta (Kosova) Selim Kolgechi (Kosova) Mehmed Kulic (BiH) Asim Kurjak (Croatia) Elvedin Landzo (BiH) John Mantas (Greece) Sladjana Martinovic-Mitrovic (Croatia) Izet Masic (BiH) Tarik Masic (BiH) Azra Metovic (BiH) George Mihalas (Romania) Snjezana Milicevic (BiH) Dragica Milinkich (Australia) Moytaba Mojtahedzadeh (Iran) Emir Mujanovic (BiH) Miralem Music (BiH) Rasool Nouri (Iran) Murat Ozdemir (Turkey) Haris Pandza (BiH) Azis Pollozhani (Macedonia) Alden Prcic (BiH) Biljana Radovanovic (Serbia) Naser Ramadani (Kosova) Kheirabadi Gholam Reza (Iran) Halima Resic (BiH) Enver Roshi (Albania) Ali Mohammad Sabzghabaee (Iran) Mustafa Sefic (BiH) Osman Sinanovic (BiH) Suad Sivic (BiH) Sekib Sokolovic (BiH) Emir Solakovic (BiH) Genc Sulcebe (Albania) Enra Suljic (BiH) Jusuf Sabanovic (BiH) Zekerijah Sabanovic (BiH) Salih Tandir (BiH) Nahid Tavakoli (Iran) Aygen Turkmen (Turkey) Muharem Zildzic (BiH) Lejla Zunic (BiH) Josip Vincelj (Croatia) Zora Vukobrat (BiH) Jack Wellt (Ethiopia) Peter Wolf (Austria) Figure 1 Medical Archives articles listed on PubMed Figure 2 Article review history on Medical Archives online review system To all of reviewers Editorial Board of Medical Archives cordially thank for their participation and contribution in improving of its contents. From Table 1. it is clear that the h-index of the oldest biomedical journal Medical Archives is significantly higher with h-index of 10, which means that the scientist who in this journal published 10 papers have at least 10 citations for each work in other journals. Medical Archives is now abstracted and indexed in 24 on-line databases. Last year we updated Instruction for authors and Guidelines for preparation of manuscripts for submitting articles electronically via www.avicenapublisher.org web site Table 1 Presentation of biomedical journals in B&H ordered by the h-index values (2012) (4)

ABSTRACT Among the priority basic human rights, without a doubt, are the right to life and health-social protection. The process of implementation of human rights in the everyday life of an ordinary citizen in the post-war recovery of Bosnia and Herzegovina faces huge objective and subjective difficulties. Citizens need to be affordable adequate healthcare facilities that will be open to all on equal terms. The term hospital activity implies a set of measures, activities and procedures that are undertaken for the purpose of treatment, diagnosis and medical rehabilitation of patients in the respective health institutions. Principles of hospital care should include Comprehensiveness (Hospital care is available to all citizens equally); Continuity (Provided is continuous medical care to all users); Availability (Provided approximately equal protection of rights for all citizens). Education of health professionals: The usual threats to patient safety include medical errors, infections occurred in the hospital, unnecessary exposure to high doses of radiation and the use of the wrong drug. Everyday continuing education in the profession of a doctor is lifelong.

Aim: The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the relationship between endometrial concentrations of estrogen and progesterone receptors throughout the menstrual cycle in women with unexplained infertility. Material and methods: In forty four infertile women with unexplained infertility, biopsy of the endometrium was performed during simultaneous laparoscopy and hysteroscopy. Material was prepared for immunohistochemical staining. Forty four endometrial samples obtained from women with normal menstrual cycles were divided into four categories: early proliferative, late proliferative, early secretory and late secretory. Immunohistochemical localization of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) was scored according to intensity of staining and proportion of cells specifically stained in glandular epithelium and stroma and results were analyzed. Conclusion: The early secretory phase appeared to be period of transition from the strong and ubiquitous staining for receptor characteristic of proliferative phase of endometrium to the weak, focal pattern of estrogen receptors. Progesterone receptors in early secretory phase were of strong staining and sufficient number of stained cells.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the association between the number of nosocomial infections prior to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) diagnosis as well as to evaluated how it contributed to development of NEC in premature infants. Material and methods: The study included 51 preterm infants diagnosed with NEC and 71 preterm infants without NEC hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Clinical Center University of Sarajevo. We evaluated the correlation of the number of nosocomial infections prior to NEC diagnosis with the development of NEC. Results: There was a statistically significant association of the number of nosocomial infections prior NEC diagnosis with the development of NEC (odds ratio, 3.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-10.01). Conclusion: Increased number of nosocomial infections prior to NEC diagnosis is associated with increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of death from cancer. Only complete resection of all gross disease with negative microscopic margins (R0 resection) provides a long-term survival benefit, and the overall 5-year relative survival rate is approximately 20%. To improve survival and quality of life, new therapeutic approaches have been introduced. Material and methods: A total of 277 patients (171 men, 106 women) were included in this analysis. The results from the preoperative EUS and MDCT were compared to the postoperative pathological findings. A radial scanning ultrasonic endoscope was used. In patients with early gastric cancer, especially in cases confined to mucosa, endoscopic resection is performed to avoid unnecessary surgical procedures. To achieve R0 resection for locally-advanced gastric cancer, neoadjuvant treatments have been investigated. Results and discussion: Laparoscopic surgery has been shown to improve quality of life for both early and locally advanced gastric cancer. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), which is considered to be the most precise method for locoregional staging, was commonly used for differentiating mucosal lesions from submucosal lesions. By contrast, computed tomography (CT) was used to detect the presence of distant metastasis. The difference in accuracy between the ≤20-mm group and other groups was statistically significant for both EUS and MDCT (P = 0.026 and P = 0.044, respectively). Conclusion: However, recent technological advances with the helical and multi-detector scanners have provided better CT performance.