Backgound and Objectives: The frequency of infectious process by Visceral Leishmaniasis (LV) reflects the increased susceptibility of the child to the hospital infections (IH). Thus, aimed to determine the incidence of nosocomial infection in children under 12 years admitted to a hospital north miner diagnosed with visceral leishmaniasis during January/2007 to December/2008. Method: Documentary research, retrospective, cross-sectional quantitative approach. A sample was obtained from 94 patients and data collection was performed using a standardized form, pre-coded, containing socioeconomic and clinical. Results: we identified the incidence of 20.2% of patients with nosocomial infection in patients with visceral leishmaniasis. Infections of eyes, ears, nose, throat and mouth and pneumonia were the most common during the study period, totaling 50% of the sample. Conclusion: Therefore, it is concluded that the LV associated with IH, has increased the number of cases in Montes Claros in order to present a high profile cure of the patients. KEYWORDS: Visceral Leishmaniasis. Hospital Infection. Pediatrics.

In this paper we are considering a semilinear singular perturbation reac- tion - diffusion boundary value problem, which contains a small perturbation param- eter that acts on the highest order derivative. We construct a difference scheme on an arbitrary nonequidistant mesh using a collocation method and Green's function. We show that the constructed difference scheme has a unique solution and that the scheme is stable. The central result of the paper is e-uniform convergence of almost second order for the discrete approximate solution on a modified Shishkin mesh. We finally provide two numerical examples which illustrate the theoretical results on the uniform accuracy of the discrete problem, as well as the robustness of the method.

The tumour suppressor gene TP53 is mutated in more than 50 % of human tumours, making it one of the most important cancer genes. We have investigated the role of TP53 in cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolic activation of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a panel of isogenic colorectal HCT116 cells with differing TP53 status. Cells that were TP53(+/+), TP53(+/−), TP53(−/−), TP53(R248W/+) or TP53(R248W/−) were treated with benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), dibenz[a,h]anthracene and dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, and the formation of DNA adducts was measured by 32P-postlabelling analysis. Each PAH formed significantly higher DNA adduct levels in TP53(+/+) cells than in the other cell lines. There were also significantly lower levels of PAH metabolites in the culture media of these other cell lines. Bypass of the need for metabolic activation by treating cells with the corresponding reactive PAH-diol-epoxide metabolites resulted in similar adduct levels in all cell lines, which confirms that the influence of p53 is on the metabolism of the parent PAHs. Western blotting showed that CYP1A1 protein expression was induced to much greater extent in TP53(+/+) cells than in the other cell lines. CYP1A1 is inducible via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), but we did not find that expression of AHR was dependent on p53; rather, we found that BaP-induced CYP1A1 expression was regulated through p53 binding to a p53 response element in the CYP1A1 promoter region, thereby enhancing its transcription. This study demonstrates a new pathway for CYP1A1 induction by environmental PAHs and reveals an emerging role for p53 in xenobiotic metabolism.

Two versions of the neutron gamma variance to mean (Feynman-alpha method or Feynman-Y function) formula for either gamma detection only or total neutron gamma detection, respectively, are derived and compared in this paper. The new formulas have particular importance for detectors of either gamma photons or deleclors sensitive to both neutron and gamma radialion. If applied to a plastic or liquid deleclor, he total neutron-gamma detection Feynman-Y expression corresponds Lo a situation where no discrimination is made between neutrons and gamma parlicles. The gamma variance Lo mean formulas are useful when a detector of only gamma radialion is used or when working with a combined neutron-gamma deleclor at high count rates. The theoretical derivation is based on the Chapman-Kolmogorov equation with the inclusion of general reactions and corresponding intensities for neutrons and gammas, but with the inclusion of prompt reactions only. A one energy group approximation is considered. The comparison of the two different theories is made by using reaction intensities obtained in MCNPX simulations with a simplified geometry for two scintillation detectors and a Cf-252-source. In addition, the variance to mean ratios, neutron, gamma and total neutron-gamma are evaluated experimentally for a weak Cf-252 neutron-gamma source, a Cs-137 random gamma source and a Na-22 correlated gamma source. Due to the focus being on the possibility of using neutron-gamma variance to mean theories for both reactor and safeguards applications, we limited the present study to the general analytical expressions for Feynman-alpha formulas.

The aim of this study was to look for any secular trend in the stature of Balkan populations from the time of World War II (1939-1945) to the Balkans War (1991-1995). The research was based on the examination of exhumed skeletons of 202 men killed in World War II in the area of the Republic of Slovenia, and 243 men killed in the Bosnian War in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The length measurements of the right and left humerus, femur, tibia and fibula were taken. Since the results revealed no significant differences and the left-sided bones were more complete and recurrent in the sample, the bones of the left side were used in the analysis. Since the increase in height depends mostly on the increase in length of the long bones, with an average absolute change of about 0.28 cm for humerus, 0.55 cm for femur, 0.49 cm for tibia and 0.20 cm for fibula per decade in our case, these results suggest a significant increase of the height of the Balkans population. The difference of the sum of the average femur and tibia length for the study period was 4.13 cm. Recalculated average length increase of the sum length of femur and tibia per decade was 0.88 cm for the left side. Our study revealed that there was a trend towards increased long bone lengths, at least in the male population analyzed.