Introduction/Aim. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most frequent diseases in men older than 50 years, and it is closely linked to ageing process. Considering rising life expectancy, further increase in prevalence of BPH could be expected.  The aim of our study was to analyze costs of treating patients with BPH in Montenegro, in order to estimate their impact on health budget. М ethods . The BPH treatment costs were analyzed in a random sample of 47 male patients, 50 years of age or older, taken from the population of patients with BPH treated in Hospital Niksic, Montenegro, during year 2013. The patients were in one of the five health states: mild symptoms of BPH, moderate symptoms of BPH, severe symptoms of BPH, acute urinary retention , and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Only direct medical costs were taken into account when calculating costs of each health state. The costs were calculated on the basis of utilization of services, drugs and materials, taken from the patients’ medical records, and utilization figures were multiplied with prices recognized by the Health Insurance Fund, Montenegro. Total number of patients with BPH in Montenegro was taken from the database of Institute for Public Health, Montenegro. The costs are expressed in euros (EUR). Results. Average annual costs of treating a patient with certain BPH health state were: mild BPH - 266,63 ЕUR, moderate BPH - 343,26 EUR, severe BPH - 413,51 EUR, acute urinary retention - 493,93 ЕUR and  TURP - 1.013,16 ЕUR. Total costs of treating all patients with BPH in Montenegro are 2.338.008,66 ЕUR; this amount makes 1,43% of total Montenegrian health budget. The largest part of the costs make medication acquisition costs, especially those spent for finasteride (196.341,11 ЕUR) and antimicrobials. According to the data generated by Montenegrian Drug Agency, annual turnover of all drugs indicated for treatment of BPH in 2011 was 595.948,74 ЕUR, and from this amount, 251.157,66 ЕUR was paid by Montenegrian Health Insurance Fund. During the period 2006 – 2011, number of patients with BPH increased for 370%, and the annual amount spent for BPH drugs increased for 373%. Conclusion. Costs of treating BPH in Montenegro make significant percent of total healthcare costs, and there is trend of increase in costs due to constant increase in number of patients with BPH in Montenegro.

Growing interest in robotics in policy and professional circles promises a future where machines will perform many of the social and institutional functions that have traditionally belonged to human beings. This promise is based on the premise that robots can act autonomously, without much support from their human users. Close examination of current social robots, however, introduces a different image, where human labor is critically needed for any meaningful operation of these systems. Such labor is normally unacknowledged and made invisible in media and academic portrayals of robotic systems. We take issue with this erasure, and seek to bring human labor to the fore. Drawing on the concept of “heteromation,” we illustrate the indispensible role of human labor in the functioning of many technological systems. Given current uncertainties in the robotic design space, we explore various scenarios for the future development of these systems, and the different ways by which they might unfold.

Dr Josif Pancic je rođen 17. aprila 1814. u selu Ugrine, na padinama Velebita, a preminuo 25. februara 1888. u Beogradu. Diplomirao je na Medicinskom fakultetu u Pesti 1842. godine odbranom doktorske disertacije "Taxilogia botanica". Promovisan je za doktora medicine 7. septembra 1843. godine. Jedan je od osnivaca Srpskog lekarskog drustva. Bio je prvi predsednik Srpske kraljevske akademije (danas SANU). U sest mandata bio je rektor Velike skole u Beogradu. Osnovao je i uredio Botanicku bastu u Beogradu. Napisao je 42 naucna i strucna rada, od kojih se 28 odnose na botaniku. Proucavao je floru Srbije, Crne Gore, Bugarske, Austrije, Rumunije i Italije. Otkrio je 121 vrstu, 47 varijeteta i 7 formi biljaka, među kojima su najpoznatije Panciceva omorika (Picea omorika; staniste Tara i Kopaonik) i srpska ramondija (Ramonda serbica; staniste – Jelasnicka i Sicevacka klisura). Osnovao je prvi srpski herbar "Herbarium Pancicianum". Ucesnik je oslobodilackih ratova koje je Srbija vodila protiv Turske i Bugarske. Nosilac je mirnodopskih i ratnih odlikovanja. UNESCO je 2014. godine obeležio dvesta godina od rođenja dr Josifa Pancica, kojem se i mi ovim nasim radom prikljucujemo. Acta Medica Medianae 2015;54(2):71-75.

Somewhere around 1983, maybe late 1982, there was talk beginning about doing something more formal within IEEE that dealt with robotics and automation. Informally, activity was getting started through the Control Society,...also Systems, Man and Cybernetics, which obviously makes a lot of sense with the telerobotics things and a few others. But we wanted to build a more permanent home for it, so there was one of the first meetings. George Saridis chaired the meeting. I know George Bekey was there, Tony Bejczy, Lou Paul, probably another half dozen people.