The effect of ELF-EMF on DNA through changes in antioxidative enzyme activities has not been sufficiently explored yet. The aim of this study was to determine ELF-EMF effect on antioxidative enzymes in cancer cell line and genotoxic potential on normal human lymphocytes. K562 cells were exposed to 50 Hz ELF-EMF (40 μT, 100 μT; 3 h, 24 h) and spectrophotometric determination of lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzyme activities was conducted. Genotoxicity of ELF-EMF (50 Hz, 100 μT) was investigated by cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay in a normal human lymphocytes (exposure 24 h and 48 h). Results demonstrated that ELF-EMF did not alter the process of lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase activity. Catalase activity was increased only after application of 100 μT EMF for 24 h. Glutathione-S-transferase and -reductase activities were increased. Treatment with 100 μT ELF-EMF (24 h, 48 h) significantly reduced micronuclei incidence, while cell proliferation was significantly increased. Results indicate that 50 Hz ELF-EMF (40 μT, 100 μT) are week stressors which alone cannot generate enough ROS to induce process of lipid peroxidation in cancer cell line but strong enough to induce response of antioxidative system. Furthermore, 100 μT ELF-EMF in human lymphocytes did not exhibit genotoxic potential during 24 h and 48 h treatment, but stimulated cell proliferation.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The incidence of preterm delivery has been increasing even in developed countries and remains a serious problem for fetuses and neonates. Although many predictors for preterm delivery have been proposed, complete prediction and prevention have not yet been established. Aims: To examine the potential association between sonographic measurement of cervical length and threatened preterm birth (TPTB) in pregnant woman at 24-36 weeks of gestation. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study included a total of 360 pregnant woman at 24-36 weeks of gestation categorized in two groups: TPTB group (n=160) and non TPTB group (n=200). The study was carried out at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Clinical Center University of Sarajevo (KCUS). Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients were obtained from medical records and physical examination by gynecologist. Transvaginal sonography was carried out by GE Voluson 730. Results: There was a significant association between TPTB and sonographic measurement of cervical length <25 mm (P<0.001). The logistic regression model was statistically significant, x2(7) = 281.530, P<0. 001. The model explained 72.6% of the variance in TPTB and correctly classified 88.1% of cases. Sensitivity was 83.8%, specificity was 91.5%, positive predictive value was 88.7% and negative predictive value was 87.6%. Out of the 7 predictor variables only 5 were statistically significant: cervical length, cervical consistency, rupture of membranes, uterine contractions and amine odor test. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest association between sonographic measurement of cervical length and TPTB.

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis among free-living red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. For this purpose, a total of 123 fecal samples from red foxes, shot during hunting seasons between January 2011 and March 2012 were examined using immunofluorescent microscopy. Overall, observed prevalences of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis were 3.2 % (4/123) and 7.3% (9/123), respectively. The results show that foxes might play the role of potential reservoirs of Cryptosporidium and Giardia parasites, but further molecular analysis are necessary to elucidate the source of infection, routes of transmission and zoonotic potential of these two pathogens.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Central Venous Catheters (CVC) are essential in everyday medical practice, especially in treating patients in intensive care units (ICU). The application of these catheters is accompanied with the risk of complications, such as the complications caused during the CVC insertion, infections at the location of the insertion, and complications during the use of the catheter, sepsis and other metastatic infections. Patients and methods: This study is a retrospective-prospective and it was implemented in the period 1st January 2011- 31st December 2012. It included 108 examinees with CVC placed for more than 7 days. Results: The most common complications occurring in more than 2 attempts of CVC applications are: hearth arrhythmias in both groups in 12 cases, 7 in multi-lumen (12.72%) and 5 in mono-lumen ones (9.43%). Artery puncture occurs in both groups in 7 cases, 5 in multi-lumen (9.09%) and 2 in mono-lumen ones (3.77%). Hematoma occurred in both groups in 4 cases, 3 in multi-lumen CVCs (5.45%) and 1 in mono-lumen ones (1.88%). The most common complication in multi-lumen catheters was heart arrhythmia, in 20 cases (36.37%). The most common complications in mono-lumen CVCs was hearth arrhythmias, in 20 cases as extrasystoles and they were registered in 16 catheter insertions (30.18%). Out of total number of catheters of both groups, out of 108 catheters the complications during insertion occurred in 49 catheters (45.40%). The most common complications in both groups were heart arrhythmias, artery punctures and hematomas at the place of catheter insertion.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Correction of pediatric spine deformities is challenging surgical procedures. This fragile group of patients has many risk factors, therefore prevention of most fearing complication-paraplegia is extremely important. Monitoring of transmission of neurophysiological impulses through motor and sensor pathways of spinal cord gives us an insight into cord's function, and predicts postoperative neurological status. Goal: Aim of this work is to present our experiences in monitoring of spinal cord motor function - MEP during surgical corrections of the hardest pediatric spine deformities, pointing on the most dangerous aspects. Material and methods: We analyzed incidence of MEP changes and postoperative neurological status in patients who had major spine correcting surgery in period April ‘11- April ‘14 on our Spine department. Results: Two of 43 patients or 4.6% in our group experienced significant MEP changes during their major spine reconstructive surgeries. We promptly reduced distractive forces, and MEP normalized, and there were no neurological deficit. Neuromonitoring is reliable method which allows us to “catch” early signs of neurological deficits, when they are still in reversible phase. Although IONM cannot provide complete protection of neurological deficit (it reduces risk of paraplegia about 75%), it at least afford a comfort to the surgeon being fear free that his patient is neurologically intact during long lasting procedures.

InBosnia and Herzegovina, Tertiary volcanic rocks occur within two geotectonically different areas: (1) in northeasternBosnia, the wider area of Srebrenica and, (2) to a lesser extent in centralBosnia, the wider areas of Maglaj, Teslic and Nemila (Kolici). The major and trace element variations in the rocks surrounding Maglaj indicate their high-K calc-alkaline character, and are consistent with fractionation of the observed phenocryst assemblages (plagioclase, sanidine, biotite and hornblende). The scatter in some graphs cannot be explained by simple crystal fractionation from a common parent magma. More likely, such variations are affected by variable contribution and assimilation of continental crust within the magmas generated in the mantle. The presence of reverse zoned plagioclase phenocrysts, as well as a resorbed rim enclosing the coexisting quartz phenocrysts, can be interpreted by mixing of magmas with different temperatures and compositions. All analyzed rocks show enrichment of the LILEs over the HFSEs and have significant negative Ta-Nb, P and Ti anomalies, and positive U and Pb anomalies, which are characteristic of subduction-related volcanic rocks generated in (post) collisional zones. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns exibit enrichment on the LREEs over the HREEs with (La/Yb) cn ranging from 21.4 to 21.9. All analyzed rocks have small negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu * =0.86-0.89) which suggests that plagioclase fractionation played a minor role in the genesis of the dacites. Ratios of some diagnostic elements versus SiO 2 diagrams are best explained as a result of assimilation of varying degree in the continental crust during magma ascent and continuing fractional crystallization. High values of LILE/HFSE ratios in K/Ti (6.6 to 11.9), K/Zr (124-169), K/Nb (1598-2692) and Ba/Nb (44-65) and negative anomalies of Ti and Nb in the volcanic rocks surrounding Maglaj can be explained as the result of complex processes in the magmatic system originally derived from a mantle wedge.

Abstract The NATO integration of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is closely tied to a strong surge in externally led state building following the conflict of the 1990s Informed by the ideals of liberal peace, one of the key components of state building was security sector reform and a restructuring of the armed forces. A shifting approach by the international community, varying between imposing decisions and insisting on local ownership, managed to establish the joint BiH Armed Forces, but allowed for the appropriation of the NATO integration process by local ethnic party elites. As a result, NATO integration in BiH regressed into an exercise in institutional reform, pursued in disarray and primarily addressing technical issues. Even if successfully brought to fruition, NATO integration will have failed to achieve the objectives of fostering substantive peace in BiH.

This work compares the hitherto unknown crystal structure of N-methylnitramine with its gas-phase diffraction structure. A series of alkaline, alkaline earth and some transition-metal salts were investigated. Furthermore, a series of new nitrogen-rich salts was synthesized and characterized for the first time. The Mannich reaction of N-methylnitramine with formaldehyde yields 2-nitro-2-azapropanol, which was treated with 2-nitro-2-azapropyl isocyanate to furnish new bis-N,O-(2-nitro-2-azapropyl)carbamate. The analogue bis-N,N′-(2-nitro-2-azapropyl)urea derivative is formed when 2-nitro-2-azapropyl isocyanate is treated with water. Owing to the energetic nature of all compounds, their energetic properties were determined. The sensitivities towards impact, friction and electrostatic discharge were determined using the BAM drophammer and friction tester as well as a small-scale electrical discharge device. Standard enthalpies of formation were calculated at the CBS-4M level of theory. With these values and the experimental densities, several detonation parameters such as detonation pressure and velocity of the compounds were computed using the EXPLO5 (V6.01) computer code and compared to currently used explosives.