: Traffic represents a complex field containing many challenges, especially for decision-makers responsible for traffic management. One of its most significant areas is the management of signalised intersections with regard to pedestrian behaviour. Measuring the start-up time of pedestrians and its influence on the rest of the traffic participants is necessary. This paper proposes a new interval fuzzy rough MCDM (Multi-Criteria Decision-Making) framework in order to conduct a complex analysis of different intersections in five selected cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia with regard to pedestrian behaviour. The proposed model combines the IFRN SWARA (Interval Fuzzy Rough Number Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis) and IFRN CRADIS (Compromise Ranking of Alternatives from Distance to Ideal Solution) methods, representing novelty from a scientific perspective. The main methodological contribution of this research consists in developing an extension of the CRADIS method based on IFRNs. The IFRN SWARA method is applied for calculating the weights of the employed criteria, while the selected cities are ranked by using the IFRN CRADIS method. The research involved many intersections with and without countdown displays and a sample of over 10,000 pedestrians, which is enough to draw solid conclusions. The verification tests carried out confirm the obtained results, proving that the proposed model is stable.

Realistically modeling interactions between road users — like those between drivers or between drivers and pedestrians — within experimental settings come with pragmatic challenges. Due to practical constraints, research typically focuses on a limited subset of potential scenarios, raising questions about the scalability and generalizability of findings about interactions to untested scenarios. Here, we aim to tackle this by laying the methodological groundwork for defining representative scenarios for dyadic (two-actor) interactions that can be analyzed individually. This paper introduces a conceptual guide for operationalizing controlled dyadic traffic interaction studies, developed through extensive interdisciplinary brainstorming to bridge theoretical models and practical experimental design. It elucidates critical trade-offs in scenario selection, interaction approaches, measurement strategies, and timing coordination, thereby enhancing reproducibility and clarity for future traffic interaction research and streamlining the design process. The methodologies and insights we provide aim to enhance the accessibility and quality of traffic interaction research, offering a guide that aids researchers in setting up studies and ensures clarity and reproducibility in reporting, bridging the gap between theoretical traffic interaction models and practical applications in controlled experiments, thereby contributing to advancements in human factors research on traffic management and safety.

This paper presents the most common traditional dovetail joints used in furniture making in past centuries, which are among the almost forgotten skills, practiced today by only a relatively small number of restoration workshops. The paper deals with the basic joints used in the restoration of furniture and traditional woodworking (houses, churches, temples, etc.) for the purpose of protecting rich cultural heritage. The history of furniture making is also the history of the art of making joints. In restoration, knowledge of these joints facilitates and accelerates the dating of furniture pieces to be restored. For this reason, the aim of this paper is to present an overview of the use of dovetail joints. The decorative effect of these joints and their constructive ingenuity certainly deserve more attention and research. A historical review of the development of traditional dovetail corner joints demonstrates the importance of the skill of crafting joints that stand the test of time and survive to this day. With the development of art, the joints became more and more decorative, but also of higher quality to withstand the various stresses that occur when furniture is used. Practical examples of making traditional dovetail corner joints are used to show how important it is to preserve the craftsmanship of these traditional joints from being forgotten, which is necessary when restoring furniture and other historical structural components made of wood such as ceilings, floors and altars.

This study aimed to determine the levels of Cd, Cr and Pb in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivated on artificially contaminated substrates and to assess their potential harmful effects on human health via the calculation of the target hazard quotients (THQ). A pot experiment was performed in a completely randomized design for each tested heavy metal. It included four contamination treatments (0, 20, 50 and 100 mg kg-1 for Cd, and 0, 100, 250 and 500 mg kg-1 for Cr and Pb). Concentrations of Cd, Cr and Pb in plants samples were  determined by atomic absorbtion spectroscopy. The results of this study showed that the concentrations of Cd, Cr and Pb were several times higher in roots than in the aboveground parts  of basil plants regardless of contamination levels. These are desirable results because only aboveground parts of basil  are used for medicinal purposes or consumption. The THQ values for Cd, Cr and Pb observed in this study were lower than 1 regardless of contamination levels, indicating that the consumption of basil from the study site (up to 10 g per day) does not pose a risk to human health from the point of view of heavy metal investigated.

This article aims to provide an overview of the historical origins of waqf in Sharia law and thedevelopment of waqf in Bosnia and Herzegovina, along with an overview of its legal positionthrough different periods. It points to the problems that the waqf has faced in the past, but also tothe problems it faces today, such as the failure to pass a law on restitution that would enable thereturn of property confiscated in the previous periods. This article also points to the significantrole the waqf has played throughout the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially in thedevelopment of urban areas. Waqf, as a legal concept based on Sharia law, has its own distinctcharacteristics, however, it shares many similarities with other legal concepts such asfoundations and trusts. A positive attitude towards waqf can release its potential in the future aswell. If approached with a positive and proactive attitude and if properly codified, waqf couldalso gain new life in the context of European integrations of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Throughone of the basic legal principles in European Union law, the principle of mutual recognition, apotentially codified waqf could gain recognition within the legal space of the European Unionlaw and represent a contribution that Bosnia and Herzegovina could make to the common legalculture of the European Union.

This article aims to give an overview of the main influences on the development of propertylaw and property rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as an overview of certain current issues.As one of the main legislative influences for the development of civil law in general and propertylaw specifically in the legal system of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Austrian General Civil Codecan be identified. However, one of the most significant events is the impact of the transformationof private property throug h nationalization and confiscation in the period of socialist Yugoslavia.The aftermath of such radical change and the effects of subsequent subpar solutions aimed atprivatization and the transformation of ownership of the property has left significant di fficulties inthe fulfillment of property rights. Especially detrimental is the stalemate in the issues of restitutionof property to previous owners, which is specifically interesting in the case of waqf property.Another issue is the politically charged question of state owned property. Such a situation resultsin several instances of violation of human rights as well. Especially worrying is the practice ofdisregarding the property rights of the returnees. After the overview of the main historical pointsand the current situation of the fulfilment of property rights, specific issues and cases are presented.Throughout the research, the legal historical method, together with content analysis, case studyand normative methods are used. The main goals are to give an overview of the historical contextand provide an analysis of the most important current issues related to the fulfillment of propertyrights in Bosnia and Herzegovina such as the question of state owned property, restitution andcompensations as well as issues related to rights of returnees. Finally, certain recommendationsrelated to the main issues such as state owned property, restitution and certain legal discrepanciesrelated to condominium ownership rights are given.

The focus of this article is the position of declaratory lawsuits in Civil law procedure in thelegislation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Compared to other types of lawsuits (condemnatory andconstitutive), a declaratory lawsuit is primarily aimed at obtainin g a declaration by a court of theexistence or non existence of certain legal relationships or rights and the declaration of authenticityof some private or public legal document as well as the determination of a violation of personalrights. Further uses of declarative lawsuit can be, as foreseen by specific legal provisions, adeclaration of the existence or non existence of certain facts on which the fulfilment of other rightsmay depend. The existence of legal interest is one of the procedural elements of a declaratorylawsuit. The use of declaratory lawsuits has proven itself to be a more adequate way of legalprotection in certain cases, especially when the use of other types of lawsuits is unavailable forlegal or factual reasons. Even though the use of declaratory lawsuits has expanded, the removal ofcertain restrictions on the right use of declaratory lawsuits could be recommended de lege ferendain order to facilitate the maximization of the potential of the declaratory lawsuit in civil legalproceedings.

The evolving landscape of EU consumer protection law has primarily focused on natural persons, leaving legal entities without similar protections. This article examines the potential to extend consumer protection to legal entities, particularly small businesses entering into contracts outside their professional activities. It compares how different EU Member States define "consumer" and considers expanding this definition within the EU’s consumer acquis. Several countries, such as Greece and Luxembourg, already provide protections for legal entities in specific circumstances, while others, like France and Malta, adopt more flexible approaches. The article emphasizes the need to adapt consumer laws to modern realities, recognizing that legal entities can be as vulnerable as individuals in certain transactions. In conclusion, it advocates for expanding EU consumer protection laws to include legal entities, thereby improving fairness and legal certainty in the internal market. This extension is crucial as it aligns with the evolving economic landscape where small businesses often face similar vulnerabilities as individual consumers, thus necessitating a more inclusive regulatory framework that reflects contemporary market dynamics.

Widening case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) interpreting the notion of discrimination, especially the ambit of discrimination based on “other status” offers important elements in the understanding of the legal definition of discrimination. More specifically, it offers elements in understanding of the scope of discrimination grounds listed under “other status”, such as the place of residence. Discrimination cases before the ECtHR against Bosnia and Herzegovina relate primarily to the discriminatory nature of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s election system, focusing on ethnicity as the main basis for discrimination. However, often overlooked is the place of residence as the discriminatory ground, identified in numerous cases alongside ethnicity (such as the cases of Pilav, Zornic and recently Pudaric), or as a stand-alone basis as in the case of Baralija. The ECtHR’s positions expressed in judgements to these cases offer certain interpretations important for Bosnia and Herzegovina’s election system, legal and constitutional order and showcase the potential power and influence which the ECtHR’s judgements may have in the strengthening of rule of law and overcoming political stalemates. Outside Bosnia and Herzegovina, the cases may offer some new insights in defining and reinterpreting the legal notion of discrimination and the legal ambit of the prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of place of residence, such as discriminatory effects of legal void and the discriminatory treatment between persons having a place of residence within the same respondent country.

Food waste is a pressing global problem with significant environmental, economic and social impacts. This review examines the state of food waste management in Serbia and contextualizes the challenges and opportunities in a global and EU framework. In the Republic of Serbia, an estimated 247,000 tons of food is wasted annually, indicating critical gaps in waste management infrastructure, consumer awareness and missing legislation. While existing policies address general waste management, there is a lack of targeted measures for food waste prevention and resource recovery. The overview recommends aligning Serbian policy with an EU legislative frame, introducing extended producer responsibility and promoting public–private cooperation to improve food donation and recycling. This is the first comprehensive study specifically addressing food waste management in Serbia and assessing its compliance with European and global best practices. By comparing Serbia’s current status with established international models, this paper identifies critical gaps and proposes actionable strategies to improve the efficiency and sustainability of the food waste management system in Serbia. These include investment in infrastructure, public awareness campaigns and the use of innovative digital tools to reduce waste and support a circular economy.

Recent advancements in uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) technology have opened new avenues for dynamic data collection in challenging environments, such as sports fields during fast-paced sports action. For the purposes of monitoring sports events for dangerous injuries, we envision a coordinated UAV fleet designed to capture high-quality, multiview video footage of collision events in real time. The extracted video data are crucial for analyzing athletes’ motions and investigating the probability of sports-related traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) during impacts. This article implemented a UAV fleet system on the NetLogo platform, utilizing custom collision observation algorithms to compare against traditional television (TV)-coverage strategies. Our system supports decentralized data capture and autonomous processing, providing resilience in the rapidly evolving dynamics of sports collisions. The collaboration algorithm integrates both shared and local data to generate multistep analyses aimed at determining the efficacy of custom methods in enhancing the accuracy of TBI prediction models. Missions are simulated in real time within a 2-D model, focusing on the strategic capture of collision events that could lead to TBI, while considering operational constraints such as rapid UAV maneuvering and optimal positioning. Preliminary results from the NetLogo simulations suggest that custom collision record methods offer superior performance over standard TV-coverage strategies by enabling more precise and timely data capture. This comparative analysis highlights the advantages of tailored algorithmic approaches in critical sports safety applications.

The requisition for maintainable constructions has been greatly raising over the last several years. To fulfil the maintainability necessities of a construction, decisions or changes must be done to a construction in the course of the preconstruction and design steps. This can be plausible utilizing building information modelling. To indicate the utilize of building information modelling in maintainable planning, an example nursing-house is received for modelling research. The energy efficiency of nursing-home is analysed utilizing Autodesk Revit and Green Building Studio simulation which contained different characteristics such as annual heating and cooling loads, annual energy usage. Through using the utilize of different building, insulation and roof materials in the nursing-home modelling, the nursing-home modelling is changed into a greener construction modelling. In addition, the effects of using green walls on the facade of the building on the energy performance were analysed. Utilizing simulation, the utilize of non-natural sources can be dramatically decreased through substituting for them with the utilize of sustainable natural sources by that means energy saving. Building information modelling has substantiated to be effective in providing maintainability with alternative material’s assessment and earlier decision-making. Furthermore, this study employed an integrated new MCDM model to evaluate the performance of four natural stones for utilize in a nursing home setting.

Abstract The photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant properties, and heavy metal content in Reseda lutea, Epilobium dodonaei, and Gentianella ciliata were examined in response to stress in the open pit of an abandoned iron mine. The soils were shallow, alkaline, and severely deficient in phosphorus, potassium, and humus. Heavy metal concentrations in the rhizospheres followed the order Fe > Mn > Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Cd for all three species, with Cu, Zn, and Pb exceeding the limits established by Bosnian legislation. The results indicated that the bioelements Cu, Zn, and Mn were within permissible limits set by FAO/WHO. Epilobium dodonaei acted as a Cd accumulator. The highest content of photosynthetic pigments was observed in this species. Positive correlations were detected between Cr and total phenolics, Cr and total flavonoids in E. dodonaei, Pb and total phenolic acids in G. ciliata. Negative correlations were noted between Zn and total phenolic acids in R. lutea, and Fe and total phenolics in E. dodonaei. Increased total proline and DPPH concentrations were associated with heightened Fe levels in E. dodonaei. These findings suggest that the species analyzed employ distinct defense mechanisms, enabling them to effectively adapt to stress. NOVELTY STATEMENT Three abundant plant species with different responses to the stress conditions of the abandoned iron mine were the focus. The analyzed biochemical-physiological parameters for all studied species on alkaline soils and, in general, for Gentianella ciliata are presented for the first time.