Background. In colorectal surgery, detecting ureters and mesenteric arteries is of utmost importance to prevent iatrogenic injury and to facilitate intraoperative decision making. A tool enabling ureter- and artery-specific image enhancement within (and possibly through) surrounding adipose tissue would facilitate this need, especially during laparoscopy. To evaluate the potential of hyperspectral imaging in colorectal surgery, we explored spectral tissue signatures using single-spot diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). As hyperspectral cameras with silicon (Si) and indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) sensor chips are becoming available, we investigated spectral distinctive features for both sensor ranges. Methods. In vivo wide-band (wavelength range 350-1830 nm) DRS was performed during open colorectal surgery. From the recorded spectra, 36 features were extracted at predefined wavelengths: 18 gradients and 18 amplitude differences. For classification of respectively ureter and artery in relation to surrounding adipose tissue, the best distinctive feature was selected using binary logistic regression for Si- and InGaAs-sensor spectral ranges separately. Classification performance was evaluated by leave-one-out cross-validation. Results. In 10 consecutive patients, 253 spectra were recorded on 53 tissue sites (including colon, adipose tissue, muscle, artery, vein, ureter). Classification of ureter versus adipose tissue revealed accuracy of 100% for both Si range and InGaAs range. Classification of artery versus surrounding adipose tissue revealed accuracies of 95% (Si) and 89% (InGaAs). Conclusions. Intraoperative DRS showed that Si and InGaAs sensors are equally suited for automated classification of ureter versus surrounding adipose tissue. Si sensors seem better suited for classifying artery versus mesenteric adipose tissue. Progress toward hyperspectral imaging within this field is promising.

Diante do alto indice de impactos ambientais gerados pela construcao civil, observa-se uma crescente demanda pela pratica de adotar certificacao ambiental em edificacoes a fim de obter um direcionamento no processo de producao de edificacoes sustentaveis.  O objetivo do artigo foi analisar a certificacao AQUA e identificar as vantagens da sua aplicabilidade em edificacoes comerciais do tipo varejo.  Para isso, foi realizada uma analise da metodologia de certificacao e um levantamento das diretrizes de sustentabilidade adotadas nas lojas. Como resultado, foi possivel observar vantagens significativas no uso da certificacao AQUA como indutora no processo de projeto sustentavel. Verificou-se tambem que a certificacao AQUA e coerente nas relacoes entre suas categorias, conectando caracteristicas afins do edificio para a melhoria do desempenho de cada uma delas.

Individuals are consanguineous if they are descended from a common ancestor no more remote than a great, great grandparent. The progeny of consanguineous parents are regarded as inbred. Within a particular society, the population structure and social customs determine the frequency of consanguineous mating; certain marriage requirements as set forth by the church and/or state, are designed to prevent very close mating. Inbreeding of domestic animals can preserve and fix desirable properties and eliminate unfavorable characteristics from livestock. Closely related animals may be mated to produce pure breeds of animals and select offspring of specific desirable types. However, because homozygote is less fit than heterozygote, inbreeding over a long period risks the loss of vigor in the offspring. Similarly, plants are inbred for improved characteristics, either by self-pollination or crossing with closely related plants. The situation in humans is far more complex. Genetic effects of inbreeding can be detected in the inbreed individual, in the form of gene doubling. Affected genes appear as a single line in each of the common ancestors but double in the progeny. In other words, modern genetic technology allows us to show how consanguinity reveals recessive inheritance and recessive traits. One means of reducing the accumulation of undesirable or potentially dangerous genetic material in human population is to prevent conception. Same sex marriage, legalized in some countries, does not produce children and is thus exempt from consanguinity restrictions. If same sex marriage became universally legal, mating among close cousins, or even brothers or sisters, uncle and nephew, and aunt and nice. A same sex marriage without the possibility of conception is the most efficient way to control reproduction, but this idea is not universally accepted. In the first place, only a small percentage of the population would likely be affected, since the heterosexual population is much larger than a homosexual one. Secondly, and more importantly, many people consider a homosexual relationship to be an unnatural, even evil. It thus becomes increasingly difficult to predict in which direction marriage will go.

Background: Bosnia and Herzegovina became an independent state (6th April 1992) after referendum for the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina which was held on 29 February and 1 March 1992. On the referendum voted total 2,073,568 voters (63.6% turnout) and 99.7% were in favor of independence, and 0.3% against. According to the provisions of the peace agreement, particularly in Annex IV of the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the country continues to exist as an independent state. Like all others institutions, even the health-care system was separated between Federation and the other part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The right to social and medical services in Bosnia and Herzegovina is realized entities level and regulated by entity laws on social and health-care. Aims: The aim was to explore how immigrants born in Bosnia and Herzegovina and living as refugees in their own country experience different institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina with the special focus on the health-care system. We also investigated the mental health of those immigrants. Patients and Methods: Focus-group interviews, with 21 respondents born in Bosnia and Herzegovina and living as refugees in their own country, were carried out. Content analysis was used for interpretation of the data. Results: The analysis resulted in two categories: the health-care in pre-war period and the health-care system in post-war period. The health-care organization, insurance system, language differences, health-care professional’s attitude and corruption in health-care system were experienced as negative by all respondents. None of the participants saw a way out of this difficult situation and saw no glimmer of light in the tunnel. None of the participants could see any bright future in the health-care system. Conclusion: Health-care system should be adjusted according to the needs of both the local population born as well as the immigrants. Health-care professionals must be aware of the difficulties of living as immigrants in one’s own country. In order to provide health-care on a high level of quality, health-care professionals must meet all the expectations of the patients, and not to expect that patients should fulfil the expectations of the health-care professionals. Different educational activities, such as lectures, seminars and conferences, are needed with the purpose of the optimal use of the health-care system for people that have been forced to become refuges in their own country.

Introduction: Acetabular fractures treatment represents a great controversy, challenge and dilemma for an orthopedic surgeon. Aim: The aim of the paper was to present the results of treatment of 96 acetabular fractures in the Clinic of Traumatology Banja Luka, in the period from 2003 to 2013, as well as to raise awareness regarding the controversy in the methods of choice in treating acetabulum fractures. Material and methods: The series consists of 96 patients, 82 males and 14 females, average age 40.5 years. Traffic trauma was the cause of fractures in 79 patients (85%), and in 17 patients (15%) fractures occurred due to falls from height. Polytrauma was present in 31 patients (32%). According to the classification of Judet and Letournel, representation of acetabular fractures was as follows: posterior wall in 32 patients, posterior column in 28, anterior wall in 4, anterior column in 2, transverse fractures in 8, posterior wall and posterior column in 10, anterior and posterior wall in 6, both- column in 4 and transversal fracture and posterior wall in 2 patients. 14 patients were treated with traction, that is, 6 patients with femoral traction and 8 patients with both lateral and femoral traction. 82 patients (86.4%) were surgically treated. Kocher-Langenbeck approach was applied in the treatment of 78 patients. In two patients from the Kocher-Langenbeck’s approach, the Ollier’s approach had to be applied as well. Two acetabular were primarily treated with Ollier’s approach. Extended Smith- Peterson’s approach was applied 4 times, and Emile Letournel’s (ilioinguinal) approach 14 times. Results: Functional outcome (after follow-up of 18 months), according to the Harris hip score of surgical treatment in 82 patients, was as follows: good 46 (56%), satisfactory 32 (39%) and poor 4 (5%). Results of acetabulum fractures treated with traction were: good 8 (57%), satisfactory 4 (28%) and poor 2 (15%). According to the Brook’s classification of heterotopic ossification, periarticular hetero-tropic calcifications after surgical treatment were: 0° in 65 patients (79%), I-II° in 9 patients (11%) and III-IV ° in 8 patients (10%). Calcifications in 14 patients treated with traction of heterotopic ossification by Brook-s classification were as follows: 0° in 10 patients (72%), I-II ° in 3 patients (22%) and III-IV° in 1 patient (6%). Conclusion: At the occurrence of acetabular fracture, it is necessary to start the treatment immediately, with an obligatory application of thromboembolic and antibiotic prophylaxis. Conservative treatment is acceptable if the dislocation of fracture is less than 5 mm. Indications for surgical treatment are incongruent or unstable fractures with verified dislocation greater than 5 mm, as well as when the radiography measured by JM Matta shows incongruence of acetabular roof less than 40° in all planes. Kocher-Langenbeck approach is the choice of surgical approach for the management of posterior column / wall, and Letournel’s (ilioinguinal) approach is the choice for the management of anterior wall/column.

The goal of this in vitro study was to evaluate the relative biocompatibility of four endodontic sealers on the cell culture of the human fibroblast through cytotoxicity. Materials and Methods: In this study four endodontics sealers was used GuttaFlow (Roeko)silicone based sealer, AH plus (De Tray-DENTSPLY) epoxy resin based, Apexit (Vivadent) calcium hydroxide based and Endorez (Ultradent) methacrylate based sealer. Sealers were tested on primary cell lines of human gingival fibroblasts. Experiments were preformed in laboratories of Hacettepe University of Ankara, Turkey and Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Cytotoxicity was determinate using WST-1 assay. Results: Results were analyzed by SPSS 19 program. Kolgomorov-Smirnov test, Shapiro-Wilk and descriptive statistics also were used, as well as Kriskall-Wallis, ANOVA test and T- test. According to our results all four sealers showed different cytotoxicity effects on human gingival fibroblast cell culture, but all of them are slightly cytotoxic. Conclusions: According to results of this study it can be concluded: all four sealers showed different cytotoxicity effects on primary cell lines of human gingival fibroblasts, but all of them are slightly cytotoxicity.

Anomalous couplings of the Z boson to top quarks are only marginally constrained by direct searches and are still sensitive to new particle dynamics at the TeV scale. Employing an effective field theory approach we consider the dimension-six operators which generate deviations from the standard-model vector and axial-vector interactions. We show that rare B and K meson decays together with electroweak precision observables provide strong constraints on these couplings. We also consider constraints from t-channel single-top production.