Forests play an important role in adapting to and mitigating the negative effects of climate change and environmental degradation through sustainable forest management. In Europe and North America, where private forest ownership dominates, private forest owners play a crucial role in achieving diverse policy objectives. Given the importance of private forest owner cooperation to support the sustainable management and the achievement of policy goals, this paper systematically reviewed the international scientific publication on private forest owners (PFOs) cooperation using bibliometric network analysis complemented with a literature review to examine the development over the last two decades (2000–2021) and to determine where the trend of the research has been heading. The analysis provided a general overview of PFOs cooperation and focus more specifically on two main aspects of PFOs cooperation: “Reasons for joining forest owners’ organizations” and “Factors influencing PFOs cooperation”. The data was retrieved from the Scopus database and analysed using the VOSviewer software. The results showed that the number of publications on PFOs’ cooperation is more or less constant and that the most prolific authors’ institutions in this topic area come from the United States, Finland, Sweden and Germany. The keyword cluster analysis showed that there are three topic oriented clusters for both aspects of PFOs’ cooperation – “Reasons for joining forest owners’ organizations” and “Factors influencing PFOs cooperation”, while the trend of keywords showed a change in the perspective of PFOs’ cooperation over time: from cooperation for “timber production and supplying to the market” to cooperation for “multifunctional and sustainable forest management”, “biodiversity conservation” and “climate change mitigation”. The results also showed the influence of forest policy on PFOs cooperation.

Introduction: Vaccines for protection against 10 infectious diseases are available in the Program of Regular Immunization in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. These vaccines save the lives of up to 3 million people worldwide every year. The latest report of the Institute of Public Health of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina on regular immunization carried out during 2020 shows that the rate of vaccination of children during the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic with regular vaccines has decreased compared to previous years. Such a situation in the health system leads to a potential risk of outbreaks of infectious diseases that are prevented by vaccination.Objective: To examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the regular immunization of children in the Mostar Health Center.Materials and methods: A retrospective cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted. Data on regular immunization of children from theMostar Health Center, Herzegovina-Neretva County in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 2017, 2018, 2021 and 2022 were used.Results: A statistically significant difference was obtained in vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella during a period of four years. Vaccination with the mentioned vaccines was significantly higher in 2017 and 2018 than in 2021 and 2022.Conclusion: It was shown that the COVID-19 pandemic affected the regular immunization of children in the Mostar Health Center.Keywords: regular immunization of children, COVID 19 pandemic, MMR vaccine, Mostar

ntroduction: The thyroid hormone secretion disorders may be hyperthyroidism (reduced TSH levels and increased levels of FT3 and FT4) and subclinical hyperthyroidism (decreased concentration of TSH with normal FT3 and FT4).Aim: To investigate levels of thyroid hormones (TSH, FT3, and FT4) in patients with hyperthyroidism or subclinical hyperthyroidism treated at Tuzla Blue Clinic.Materials and methods:The study included 120 patients divided into three groups: a control group, groups with respondents who have hyperthyroidism, and a group of patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism. The concentrations of the hormones TSH, FT3, and FT4 were analyzed. The determination was carried out on the device IMMULITE 1 Siemens using the immunochemistry method. Results:TSH between our group investigated the existence of significant statistical differences between the control group and the group with hyperthyroidism (p<0.0001) and between the control group and the group withsubclinical hyperthyroidism (p=0.0001), and the parameter FT3 showed that a statistically significant difference exists between the control group and the group with hyperthyroidism (p<0.0001), and between patients with hyperthyroidism andsubclinical hyperthyroidism (p<0.0001). For FT4, we found a statistically significant difference between the control group and the group with hyperthyroidism (p<0.0001) and between groups with hyperthyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism (p <0.0001).Conclusions: The concentration of TSH is reduced in both hyperthyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism. The serum concentrations of FT3 and FT4 are elevated in hyperthyroidism, while in subclinical hyperthyroidism, the serum concentrations of FT3 and FT4 stand in the reference area.Keywords:Thyrotropin, thyroxine, TSH, FT3, FT4, hyperthyroidism

Simple Summary This study explores hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in glioblastoma development, progression, and treatment. Reviewing 104 relevant studies, it highlights diverse global contributions, with China leading at 23.1%. The most productive year was 2019, contributing 11.5% of the studies. Key factors studied included HIF1α, HIF2α, osteopontin, and cavolin-1, involving pathways such as GLUT1, GLUT3, VEGF, PI3K-Akt-mTOR, and ROS. HIF expression correlates with glioblastoma progression, survival, neovascularization, glucose metabolism, migration, and invasion. Overcoming treatment resistance and the lack of biomarkers is crucial for integrating HIF-related therapies into glioblastoma treatment to improve patient outcomes. Abstract Background: The study aims to investigate the role of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in the development, progression, and therapeutic potential of glioblastomas. Methodology: The study, following PRISMA guidelines, systematically examined hypoxia and HIFs in glioblastoma using MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, and Scopus. A total of 104 relevant studies underwent data extraction. Results: Among the 104 studies, global contributions were diverse, with China leading at 23.1%. The most productive year was 2019, accounting for 11.5%. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) was frequently studied, followed by hypoxia-inducible factor 2 alpha (HIF2α), osteopontin, and cavolin-1. Commonly associated factors and pathways include glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) receptors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). HIF expression correlates with various glioblastoma hallmarks, including progression, survival, neovascularization, glucose metabolism, migration, and invasion. Conclusion: Overcoming challenges such as treatment resistance and the absence of biomarkers is critical for the effective integration of HIF-related therapies into the treatment of glioblastoma with the aim of optimizing patient outcomes.

Hereditary cardiomyopathies include a diverse spectrum of myocardial disorders characterized by mechanical and electrical abnormalities, among which hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) are distinguished. This paper dives into the genetic foundations of these conditions, with a focus on mutations in genes encoding sarcomere proteins, thin filament proteins, and calcium homeostasis regulators. The familial aggregation of cardiomyopathies underscores the substantial genetic component, with autosomal dominant inheritance patterns predominant in some cases. Genetic testing and counseling emerge as pivotal tools for early diagnosis, risk assessment, and the formulation of personalized treatment strategies. The integration of genetic insights into clinical management holds promise for improving patient outcomes and reducing disease burden. Further analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying hereditary cardiomyopathies is critical for identifying novel therapeutic targets and advancing precision medicine approaches. By comprehensively exploring the genetic underpinnings of cardiomyopathies, this paper contributes to our understanding of these complex diseases and highlights the potential for innovative interventions to enhance patient care in the field of cardiovascular medicine.

Introduction: Influenza is an acute, infectious disease of the human respiratory system, caused byinfluenza viruses. Since it is a vaccine-preventable disease, medical students as future health professionals should be involved in programs promoting the importance of flu vaccination.Aim: Compare knowledge, attitude and practice of vaccination against influenza among students of the firstand sixthyear of School of Medicine of University of Mostar.Subjects and methods: The study included a total of81 students of the School of Medicine of the University of Mostar. The data were collected using a questionnaire that consists from demographic data of the respondents andtwenty questions with the offered answers about the knowledge, attitude and practice of vaccination against influenza.Results: Sixth-year students showed greater knowledge about contraindications for vaccination. Both groups of students showed mainly positive attitudes about influenza vaccination. No surveyed student was vaccinated against influenza and many of them reasoned that influenza is not a serious illness.Conclusions: Despite good knowledge and mostly positive attitudes about influenza vaccination, no student who participated in the study was vaccinated against influenza. Therefore, it would be useful for medical students to provide additional information about the importance of illness prevention, because they represent an important part of the future workforce in the health system, that will affect the global attitudes of vaccination.Keywords: influenza, vaccination, knowledge, practice, students

Background and Objectives: Cancer is associated with an increased risk of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and venous thromboembolism. The role of a cardiac right-to-left shunt (RLS) as a surrogate parameter for paradoxical embolism in cancer-related strokes is uncertain. We sought to investigate the relationship between the presence of an RLS and cancer in AIS patients. Methods: We included consecutive AIS patients hospitalized at our tertiary stroke center between January 2015 and December 2020 with available RLS status as detected on transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Active cancers were retrospectively identified and the association with RLS was assessed with multivariable logistic regression and inverse probability of treatment weighting to minimize the ascertainment bias of having a TEE obtained. Results: Of the 2236 AIS patients included, 103 (4.6%) had active cancer, of whom 24 (23%) were diagnosed with RLS. An RLS was present in 774 out of the 2133 AIS patients without active cancer (36%). After adjustment and weighting, the absence of RLS was associated with active cancer (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.29; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.14–4.58). When analysis was restricted to patients younger than 60 years of age or those with a high-risk RLS (Risk of Paradoxical Embolism Score ⩾ 6), there was no association between RLS and cancer (aOR, 3.07; 95% CI, 0.79–11.88 and aOR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.10–3.10, respectively). Conclusion: RLS was diagnosed less frequently in AIS patients with cancer than in cancer-free patients, suggesting that arterial sources may play a larger role in cancer-related strokes than paradoxical venous embolization. Future studies are needed to validate these findings and evaluate potential therapeutic implications, such as the general indication, or lack thereof, for patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure in this patient population.

<p>The &nbsp;current &nbsp;practice &nbsp;within &nbsp;the &nbsp;Bosnian-Herzegovinian &nbsp;educational &nbsp;system &nbsp;indicates&nbsp;<br />inconsistencies in implementing intercultural and &nbsp;intracultural educational practices. They are&nbsp;<br />not even differentiated but rather equated. However, for the preservation of all the values that&nbsp;<br />Bosnia &nbsp;and &nbsp;Herzegovina &nbsp;embodies, &nbsp;it &nbsp;is &nbsp;necessary &nbsp;to &nbsp;preserve &nbsp;the &nbsp;unique &nbsp;BosnianHerzegovinian &nbsp;habitus, &nbsp;composed &nbsp;of &nbsp;all &nbsp;cultural &nbsp;traditions &nbsp;(Bosniak, &nbsp;Croatian, &nbsp;Serbian,&nbsp;<br />Jewish, Roma, and others), and this can only be achieved through intracultural education.&nbsp;<br />What needs to be done within the educational system is the introduction of the subject of course&nbsp;<br />&ldquo;Intracultural &nbsp;education&rdquo; &nbsp;in &nbsp;primary &nbsp;and &nbsp;secondary &nbsp;schools &nbsp;and &nbsp;the &nbsp;implementation &nbsp;of&nbsp;<br />intracultural &nbsp;policies &nbsp;through &nbsp;the &nbsp;ministries &nbsp;of &nbsp;education &nbsp;at &nbsp;the &nbsp;state, &nbsp;entity, &nbsp;and &nbsp;cantonal&nbsp;<br />levels, as well as intracultural education across all segments of society. This paper highl ights&nbsp;<br />the differences between intercultural and intracultural education and provides guidelines on&nbsp;<br />how to implement the necessary intracultural education policy. As a paradigm, some positive&nbsp;<br />practices within Bosnian-Herzegovinian culture and literature are presented, which can serve&nbsp;<br />as a good foundation for further action.</p>

We discuss the general theory of radicals of paragraded rings, establish that the ADS-Theorem holds, and characterize paragraded normal radicals. It is known that any special radical of a ring can be described by the appropriate class of modules over that ring. In this note we show that all special paragraded radicals of paragraded rings can be described by the appropriate class of their paragraded modules. * This paper was presented at the International Scientific Conference Graded structures in algebra and their applications, dedicated to the memory of Prof. Marc Krasner, IUCDubrovnik, Croatia, September, 22-24, 2016.

In this paper we prove that there exist paragraded rings which are not graded and we discuss prime and Jacobson radicals of paragraded rings. In particular, we prove that paragraded counterparts of prime and Jacobson radicals are the largest paragraded ideals contained in them. * This paper was presented at the International Scientific Conference Graded structures in algebra and their applications, dedicated to the memory of Prof. Marc Krasner, IUCDubrovnik, Croatia, September, 22-24, 2016.

Atherosclerosis, one of the leading causes of death in developed countries is characterized by lumen reduction of blood vessels due to local thickening of internal blood vessels caused by plaque/atheroma. It begins in childhood, goes for a long time without manifesting symptoms, increasing with age it begins to seriously threaten health. The most important risk factors for the development of atherosclerotic disease are: hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, high fibrinogen, excessive weight, increased level of homocysteine, physical inactivity, heredity and immune response in some diseases. The primary intention of prevention is to preclude the occurrence of risk factors for atherosclerosis, and the secondary is to prevent the development or aggravation of the illness along with the reduction or control of existing risks. There is an increasing number of studies that show that children are overweight, which in adolescence is certainly a risk factor for the onset of many chronic diseases, namely: cardiovascular, type 2 diabetes, orthopedic, and psychological diseases. The obesity epidemic is one of the most serious health problems of today affecting individuals of all ages. Atherosclerosis demands action with the aim of early detection and treatment as well as the reduction of development of risk factors for coronary artery diseases. Finding the most effective preventive measures for obesity in each country requires precise epidemiological data on the number of obese children and youth, as well as on their eating and activity habits.

Aim To investigate how immigrants from the Balkan region experienced their current life situation after living in Sweden for 30 years or more. Materials The study was designed as a qualitative study using data from interviews with informants from five Balkan countries. The inclusion criteria were informants who were immigrants to Sweden and had lived in Sweden for more than 30 years. Five groups comprising sixteen informants were invited to participate in the study, and they all agreed. Results The analysis of the interviews resulted in three main categories: "from someone to no one", "labour market", and "discrimination". All the informants reported that having an education and life experience was worth-less, having a life but having to start over, re-educating, applying for many jobs but often not being answered, and finally getting a job for which every in-formant was educated but being humiliated every day and treated separately as well as being discriminated against. Conclusion Coming to Sweden with all their problems, having an education and work experience that was equal to zero in Sweden, studying Swedish and re-reading/repeating all their education, looking for a job and not receiving answers to applications, and finally getting a job but being treated differently and discriminated against on a daily basis was experienced by all the in-formants as terrible. Even though there are enough similar studies in Sweden, it is always good to write more to help prospective immigrants and prospective employers in Sweden.

Simple Summary A total laryngectomy and/or pharyngectomy is an important therapy modality for advanced primary and recurrent laryngeal and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The surgical margins are an important prognostic factor. Resection margins for head and neck cancer surgery are clear >5 mm, close 1–5 mm and positive <1 mm. However, the anatomy of the larynx and hypopharynx is complex and resections are constrained by the anatomical relationship with the surrounding structures. The aim of this study is to investigate if a margin >5 mm is feasible. Clear resection margins are not always feasible in some resection surfaces in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal surgery, due to the anatomy of the larynx and tumor location. However, striving for a maximum feasible margin is still the main goal. We propose a new guideline for the maximum feasible but adequate resection margins in larynx and hypopharynx tumor surgery. Abstract Background: Resection margins are an important prognostic factor for patients with head and neck cancer. In general, for head and neck surgery, a margin >5 mm is advised by the Royal College of Pathologists. However, this cannot always be achieved during laryngeal and hypopharyngeal surgery. The aim of this study is to identify the resection surfaces and measure the maximum feasible margins per subsite. The clinical relevance of these maximum feasible resection margins were analyzed in this descriptive anatomical study. Methods: head and neck surgeons and a pathologist from the Erasmus MC performed a total laryngectomy and laryngopharyngectomy on a head and neck specimen specifically available for research. Results: For a total laryngectomy, resection margins >5 mm were not feasible for the ventral and dorsal resection surface. For a total laryngopharyngectomy, resection margins >5 mm were not feasible for the ventral, dorsal and lateral resection surface. Conclusion: Clear resection margins, defined as a margin >5 mm, are not always feasible in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal surgery, due to the anatomy of the larynx and tumor location. However, striving for a maximum feasible margin is still the main goal. We propose a new guideline for maximum feasible but adequate resection margins in larynx and hypopharynx tumor surgery.

Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is a stress-induced cardiomyopathy, characterized by an increased concentration of catecholamines, free radicals, and inflammatory cytokines, endothelial dysfunction, and increased apoptotic activity. High doses of isoprenaline are used in animal models to induce Takotsubo (TT)-like myocardial injury. The aim of the study was to investigate the antiapoptotic effects of liraglutide in experimental TTS and its role in the NF-κB pathway. Wistar rats were pretreated with liraglutide for 10 days, and on days 9 and 10, TT-like myocardial injury was induced with isoprenaline. After the sacrifice on day 11, hearts were isolated for histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. Liraglutide reduced isoprenaline-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by decreasing cleaved caspase-3 (CC3), BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX), and NF-κB and increasing B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (BCL-2). An increase in NF-κB in isoprenaline-treated rats was in positive correlation with proapoptotic markers (BAX and CC3) and in negative correlation with antiapoptotic marker BCL-2. Liraglutide increased BCL-2 and decreased NF-κB, BAX, and CC3, preserving the same correlations of NF-κB to apoptotic markers. It is concluded that liraglutide protects cardiomyocytes against isoprenaline-induced apoptosis in experimental TT-like myocardial injury through downregulation of the NF-κB pathway.

Aim To investigate an association between eye injury and later academic and social performance. Materials A retrospective longitudinal study of taking measurements multiple times was conducted including all severe eye injuries admitted during 2011-2017 at the main regional clinic to investigate changes in academic success and social inclusion before and after an injury. Parents/caregivers were surveyed asking questions on academic performance, and community/social involvement. In 2023 data on employment status were obtained. Kappa (ĸ) and non-parametric Wilcox-on signed-rank test for multiple comparisons were used. For association of employment status and post-injury visual acuity Fisher score was tested. Results The total sample for assessing social inclusion and academic success was 36 and 25 children, respectively. In the following academic year ĸ agreements decreased from 0.88 (p<0.001) comparing pre-injury with a one-year post to 0.5106 (p<.0001) in the second year and 0.4750 (p=0.003) in the third, suggesting a deteriorating trend. A comparison of academic success before injury to two and three years after injury showed the trend significantly worsening with time (p=0.005, and 0.003, respectively). No association between an eye injury and social inclusion, as well as between employment and final visual acuity was noticed. Conclusion Our findings suggest no association between social inclusion, employment, and eye trauma, while in later years academic success may be more impacted by the eye injury. Due to eye injury unpredictability in childhood age, both an informed and supportive climate environment at home and school is essential to minimize deleterious responses to eye trauma.