The aim of the study was to examine the attitudes of healthcare professionals and the general population towards stuttering. The study included a sample of 50 respondents from the Srebrenik, with 50% of respondents in group of healthcare professionals (N=25) and 50% in group of general population (N=25). The Alabama Stuttering Awareness Test was used as the research instrument. Analysis of the collected data revealed a statistically significant difference in the responses to the four statements examined. The results indicate the need for greater awareness of the general population regarding the provision of support to children who stutter and the necessity of improving healthcare professionals’ knowledge about stuttering. Given that healthcare professionals within primary healthcare play a key role in the early recognition of children who stutter, it is important to ensure their education so that they can adequately advise parents or guardians and refer children for speech therapy assessment and treatment in a timely manner.

Motivation can be defined as an internal process that directs, sustains, and regulates an individual’s behavior toward achieving goals. In the workplace context, motivation plays a crucial role in achieving organizational objectives, enhancing employee efficiency, and increasing job satisfaction. Since motivation can be intrinsic, stemming from internal needs and interests, or extrinsic, driven by external rewards and incentives, it is essential to understand how to combine these factors to achieve optimal results. This review paper explores the concept of work motivation and synthesizes relevant theoretical insights on the topic. It analyzes key motivation theories, types of motivation, ways motivation is expressed, and motivational techniques used by managers to increase employee engagement and productivity. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms that drive employees and to explain how different approaches to motivation can contribute to organizational success. Managers play a key role in recognizing the needs of their employees and adapting motivational techniques to the specific characteristics of their teams. Effective employee motivation requires flexibility, continuous performance monitoring, and the adaptation of strategies in line with both individual and organizational goals. A well-structured motivational strategy not only improves work performance but also contributes to the creation of a positive organizational culture, reduces employee turnover, and strengthens the company’s competitive position

Cultural and event tourism plays a key role in the global tourism industry, contributing significantly to national, regional, and cross-border development strategies. It attracts visitors interested in cultural heritage, artistic events, and local traditions, supporting the preservation and promotion of local identity. Assessing cultural tourist flows become essential to understand their economic and social impact, and this article proposes an integrated methodology, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches, including data collection on cultural events, participant estimation, economic analysis, satisfaction assessment, data visualization, reporting, and continuous monitoring. The proposed model ensures a comprehensive evaluation of cultural tourist flows and supports the sustainable development of cultural tourism. Its relevance is both theoretical and applied: it offers a conceptual and analytical framework for studying this complex phenomenon, but also, it provides useful insights for decision-makers and stakeholders involved in tourism development, helping to design effective policies and strategies for promoting and managing cultural tourism. The novelty of the research lies in the proposal of a detailed and integrated methodology tailored to the specific challenges of evaluating cultural tourism, aiming to improve data accuracy, strategic planning, and long-term sustainability.

<p>Bosnia and Herzegovina is in the early stages of energy transition. There is an obvious increased pressure to modernize existing waste management and environmental protection systems. Actions and actions at the EU and regional levels mark the ever-present need to develop hydrogen technologies and a circular economy. Waste is becoming a resource. The capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina should be a leader in changes of this kind. Sarajevo should be a model to be followed by other cities in the region. This city and its surroundings produce a huge amount of waste, which, if considered a resource, can, through the application of certain technological and technical solutions, become a source of energy and other raw materials for some industries such as the construction or metal industries. Therefore, Sarajevo has a special challenge and is expected to respond correctly and quickly. The Sarajevo landfill, Smiljevići, is the cause of serious problems that are reflected in large quantities of waste, its separation, the capacity of landfill surfaces, and the emission of gases and leachates. These problems have been unsolved for decades and are still a major challenge. They are two-dimensional as a<br />technical problem, but also as an institutional problem.</p>

Background. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. A disturbance in the number of white blood cells results from direct damage to cells, primarily lymphocytes, by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Aim. The work aims to examine the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on the laboratory parameter values ​​in bedridden patients during hospitalization. Results. To determine the impact of COVID-19 infection on laboratory parameter values ​​, the study included 80 respondents hospitalized at the UCC Tuzla Infectious Diseases Clinic from 1.1.2021. - 31.12.2021. year. Among the respondents, 58.75% were men and 41.25% were women. A review of laboratory findings shows that there is a statistically significant difference between erythrocyte values ​​and the time of measurement (P=0.028). At admission, 93.75% of subjects had high C-reactive protein (CRP) values, 87.50% of subjects on day 5 of measurement, and 67.50% of subjects had high values ​​at discharge from the hospital. There was a statistically significant increase in CRP values ​​compared to reference values ​​(P=0.000). There was a statistically significant increase in platelets in subjects measured on admission (11.25% of subjects), on the 5th day of hospital stay (28.75% of subjects), and at discharge (33.75% of subjects) (P=0.000). Conclusion. Given the results obtained, we can conclude about the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on the disruption of laboratory parameter values, especially the decrease in the number of erythrocytes and the increase in ferritin and C-reactive protein.

<p>The bird fauna of southern Bosnia and Herzegovina, extending to the tri-border area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Croatia, was studied. The habitats and migrations were analyzed over a five-year period with the aim of long-term monitoring and protection of species. The methods used for monitoring, marking, recording, and data processing included: the kilometer transect method, point census, free-route field surveys, and the &ldquo;playback&rdquo; method. Previous studies of bird fauna in this park were analyzed in order to synthesize results.The main results obtained from field research include a systematized list of bird species and maps indicating key nesting habitats. The results will contribute to stakeholders&rsquo; efforts to protect species and secure habitats in this area.</p>

<p>In a period of global social and economic change, the teaching profession in transition countries is undergoing a profound transformation. Teachers of natural sciences and mathematics are particularly affected, as their role becomes crucial in developing the competencies necessary to understand and implement the principles of sustainable development. This paper analyzes the challenges and perspectives of the teaching profession in the context of educational reforms, technological changes, and the demands of the green economy. Using a comparative approach, the research examines the state of teacher education in the fields of natural sciences and mathematics in transition countries, with a special focus on Bosnia and Herzegovina. The results show that it is necessary to redefine teachers&rsquo; professional development through innovative pedagogical models, the integration of digital and environmental competencies, and an interdisciplinary approach to teaching. Particular emphasis is placed on strengthening teacher autonomy, continuous professional learning, and institutional support to empower teachers as agents of change within educational systems. The paper concludes that the future of the teaching profession, especially in the fields of natural sciences and mathematics, plays a key role in building a knowledge-based society and supporting a sustainable transition toward a green and inclusive economy.</p>

<p>In the pursuit of sustainable industrial transformation, additive manufacturing has emerged as more than a technological revolution&mdash;it represents a new philosophy of production. This paper explores how 3D and 4D printing technologies can serve as key enablers of waste reduction and resource optimization across diverse sectors. By shifting from traditional subtractive methods to digitally controlled additive processes, 3D printing minimizes material loss and energy use through precision, customization, and local production. Going a step further, 4D printing introduces smart, stimuli-responsive materials capable of self-adaptation and regeneration, creating systems that not only reduce waste but actively extend product lifecycles. Through an interdisciplinary lens, the study examines material innovation, eco-design principles, and the integration of artificial intelligence and digital twins for real-time optimization of manufacturing processes. The findings highlight the transformative potential of additive and time-evolving manufacturing in supporting circular economy objectives, Industry 5.0 paradigms, and the broader goals of the European Green Deal. Ultimately, the paper argues that the convergence of digital intelligence and material adaptability offers a tangible pathway toward regenerative, zero-waste production ecosystems. Its originality lies in bridging technological foresight with applied sustainability practice, offering actionable insights for industries and policymakers seeking to redesign value chains through intelligent, resourcepositive manufacturing.</p>

Background: Refractory atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a rare condition, but poses a clinical challenge after failed standard ablation. Very high-power, short-duration (vHPSD) radiofrequency (RF) ablation has not yet been explored in slow pathway ablation/modification. Case Summary: A 61-year-old woman with recurrent AVNRT despite two prior ablations and multiple antiarrhythmics underwent successful slow pathway ablation using a 90-watt, 4-s vHPSD protocol. CARTO-guided mapping localized the presumed slow pathway, followed by several 90 W applications. Transient second-degree AV block (Wenckebach type) occurred and resolved spontaneously. The patient remained arrhythmia-free at 6-month follow-up. Conclusions: This is the first reported clinical use of 90 W/4 s RF energy for AVNRT. The vHPSD approach may offer an effective alternative for patients with refractory AVNRT.

U radu je predstavljeno do sada neobrađeno djelo pod naslovom Kašf al–ʼasrār bi ḥaqāʼiq al–kitāb wa daqāʼiq al–ṭahāra (Otkrivanje tajni o značenjima riječi knjiga i osobitostima riječi čistoća), koje je u drugoj polovini XVIII stoljeća napisao Muhamed Sin Mustafin Čajničanin (Muḥammad Ibn Muṣṭafā al–Čāyničawī). Ovaj se autor u literaturi spominje kao muderis, sarajevski muftija i autor jednog poznatijeg djela iz logike. Djelo koje je predmet ovog rada, iako registrirano, ranije nije bilo predmet tekstološke analize niti analize sadržaja. U radu su korištena dva rukopisna primjerka ovog djela, od kojih se jedan čuva u rukopisnoj zbirci Gazi Husrev–begove biblioteke u Sarajevu, a drugi u zbirci rukopisa na orijentalnim jezicima Univerzitetske biblioteke „Svetozar Marković“ u Beogradu. Istraživanje obuhvata opis i tekstološku analizu dvaju dostupnih rukopisa, kritičku obradu djela, prijevod i analizu sadržaja s fokusom na analizu genitivne veze kitāb al–ṭahāra, te oblika i značenja njenih članova.

Attributive relative clauses introduced by adverbial relativizers are rarely used in Modern Standard Arabic, and are completely absent in its syntactic description. The intriguing aspect of this type of relative clause lies in the fact that their attributive function is opposed to the main purpose of the use of adverbial relativizers, namely the formation of adverbial clauses. The main task of this paper is the analysis of examples of attributive relative clauses introduced by the adverbial relativizers ḥayṯu, ḥīna, ʻindamā, kamā and munḏu found in works belonging to Modern Standard Arabic. The analysis is based on the analytical–descriptive method and the typological–functional approach, which allow examining of attributive relative clauses introduced by adverbial relativizers from different perspectives. Although the analysis will include exploring syntactic functions of head nouns in main and relative clauses, whereby the relative clause formation strategy using the relative word to encode the syntactic function of head noun in the relative clause is illustrated, this is not the only goal of the paper. The paper also aims to demonstrate that attributive relative clauses introduced by adverbial relativizers, although formally functioning as attributive modifiers, tend to convey diverse semantic content. Moreover, this type of Arabic relative clause is not only an embodiment of the law of linguistic economy but it also represents an exceptionally effective means of stylistic choice.

 Introduction: Hermeneutics, as a theory of interpretation, plays a significant role in criminal law by providing a framework for understanding legal norms within their socio-political and historical contexts. Given the necessity for precision and clarity in criminal law, hermeneutical approaches help resolve ambiguities and reconcile conflicts between statutory provisions, judicial practice, and moral principles.  Aim: The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the significance of hermeneutics as a methodological tool in interpreting criminal law norms and to highlight its contribution to the development of contemporary legal doctrine and practice.  Materials and Methods: The paper applies the hermeneutical method of analysis, as well as comparative-legal and normative methods, relying on relevant case law and modern theoretical approaches in criminal law and legal philosophy.  Results: The analysis shows that hermeneutical approaches enable a dynamic understanding and application of criminal law norms, contributing to greater coherence between statutory texts, judicial decisions, and moral principles. In doing so, hermeneutics becomes a key factor in resolving legal dilemmas and ensuring the fair application of law.  Conclusion: Hermeneutics represents an indispensable methodological framework for understanding and applying criminal law. It allows legal norms to be interpreted in accordance with contemporary social values, thereby contributing to the development of legal science and practice as a whole.

Objectives: To examine the mental health of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treated with biological therapy.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with Crohn’s disease. Two groups were included: an experimental and a control group. The experimental group consisted of 100 patients with Crohn’s disease, of whom 50 were on biological therapy and 50 were not, all treated at the Department of Gastroenterology. Participants completed instruments adapted for the research: a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90), a tool designed to assess various aspects of mental health and personality.Results: The highest proportion of women was recorded among healthy participants (71.0%), while men were most represented in the group receiving biological therapy (58.0%). A significant difference was found between genders among healthy and diseased individuals. Participants receiving biological therapy achieved significantly higher scores in the domains of Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms, Depression, and Psychoticism compared to the other groups. Conclusion: These findings are consistent with research highlighting the connection between mental health and disease activity, suggesting the need for a holistic approach in the diagnosis and treatment of IBD.