Background: The problem of heavy school bags is a global problem recognized in many countries in Europe and the world, including in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition to poor posture habits, "sedentary lifestyles" and insufficient physical activity, school bags is one of the main causes of low back pain and deformity in pupils. The recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO) is that the weight of the school bag should not exceed 10% of the student's weight. However, in practice these limitations are far from reality with the obvious problems caused by too heavy bags. The aim of the paper is to identify and analyze the backbone load caused by the overweight school backpacks in real school work conditions and eliminate them by creating new solutions that are in line with ergonomic and biomechanical principles, as well as the recommendation given by WHO. Methods: The research included first grade primary school students at the age of seven, including their parents. The research began by interviewing parents with relevant questions, as well as measuring the students’ height and weight and the weight of their school backpacks. The analysis was performed in CATIA v5 software package (Dassault Systèmes, Vélizy-Villacoublay, France) using its advanced biomechanical modules. By knowing the anthropometric and work environment data with ergonomic design and analysis, the biomechanical analysis, rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) and carry analysis were performed. Results:  The conducted survey showed that 84% of students walk from home to school nineteen minutes on average and that 77% of them carry their school backpacks independently. Based on the measurements, it has been shown that, on average, the weight of the school backpacks is well above the WHO recommendation. A study conducted on a representative sample of students confirmed the relation between fatigue and spinal pain caused by carrying a heavy school bag. Computer analysis showed excessive loads on the spinal segment of L4/L5 that were outside the normal range of 3,400 N. Conclusions: A simulated computer analysis using RULA and biomechanical analysis with calculations of maximum loads in the lumbar segment of students found that school backpacks carried by students were too heavy for their age and well beyond the normal limits and WHO recommendations. The analysis showed that it is necessary to reduce the weight of the bag by about 30%.

Abstract The magnitude-based Fourier descriptors (FD) are frequently used in shape-based image retrieval, due to their efficiency and effectiveness. Unlike the phase-preserving Fourier descriptors, the magnitude-based Fourier descriptors are inherently invariant under rotation and starting point change, but they discard all valuable information contained in the phase of the Fourier coefficients (FCs). In order to preserve the coefficients’ phase, the orientation and starting point of the shape must be determined. In this paper, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of different state-of-the-art methods for determining nominal shape orientation, which can be used to extract phase-preserving Fourier descriptors: the point of maximal radius, the axis of least inertia (moments), the phase of the first harmonic, the cross-correlation, the Procrustes distance and the pseudomirror points. The methods were compared in terms of sensitivity to non-rigid transformations, retrieval performance, computational complexity and computational time. The experimental results give insight into the pros and cons of all analyzed methods.

Abstract This paper presents the design and development of a distributed measurement system for measuring pressure in high voltage circuit breakers (HV CB) and other switching apparatuses, during no-load operations. Instead of using traditional pressure transducers which require significant installation space, additional data acquisition cards and often demand for complex wiring, an in-house solution of pressure measurement is proposed. The system consists of miniature sensors, accompanied with a suitable amplifier, microcontroller unit and communication module, which may be distributed inside the interrupter unit in convenient locations. Due to the fact that the measurement values are transmitted digitally, measurement noise is significantly reduced while the wiring of the system is additionally simplified. The proposed measurement system is tested using two different interrupters (HV CB and a load break switch). The experimental results have demonstrated that the developed system is applicable, accurate, cost-effective, flexible and simple to use.

A biographical note on Teodora Krajewska (1854-1935) reveals the details of her life and professional activities as an Austro-Hungarian and Yugoslav health officer (Amtsärztin) in Tuzla (1893-1899) and in Sarajevo (1899-1923). Teodora Krajewska, née Kosmowska was the third of nine official female doctors employed by the Austro-Hungarian administration in occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH: 1878-1918) and charged with the special task of popularising public health and hygiene, particularly among Muslim women. A Polish intellectual and fervent patriot from Warsaw, Krajewska had left Congress Poland as a young widow in 1883 to study medicine in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1890, she became the first woman in Europe to be employed as an assistant professor at the medical faculty of the University of Geneva but was forced to resign in 1892. In the same year, she was both awarded her doctorate and appointed to the position of an Austro-Hungarian female health officer in Tuzla. After being nationalised in Austria, she reported for duty in Tuzla in March 1893. In 1899, she accepted her transfer to a newly created position in Sarajevo where she was active as an official physician until 1922/23. She contributed to contemporary medical science through her research on leprosy and osteomalacia in Bosnia. She returned to Warsaw in 1928 and devoted herself to the translation of Serbo-Croatian literature and writing her memoirs on her life and activities in BH.

Andrija Stampar (Drenovac, September 1, 1888–Zagreb, June 26, 1958) was a distinguished scholar in the field of Social medicine from Croatia. He enrolled at the Medical School in Vienna in 1906, which was at the time the most important medical center in the world. As a medical student, he initiated the editing of medical papers and wrote pamphlets and articles with the intention of educating people in health matters. In 1909 in Nova Gradiska he started publishing the series called Public Health Library discussing numerous topics regarding health and prevention. On 23 December 1911, he was awarded the title of Doctor of Universal Medicine (doctor medicinae universae). On 1 January 1912, Dr. Stampar started working at the town hospital at Karlovac and remained at this post till 8 August 1913.

This year Academy of medical sciences of Bosnia and Herzegovina (AMNuBiH) celebrates Anniversary - ten years from founding in the year 2009. Goals of founding of AMNuBiH were: a) promotion of medical sciences, b) improvement of all biomedical disciplines, and c) affirmation of contribution of biomedical sciences in the development of sciences in Bosnia and Herzegovina generally and especially in medicine in the country and abroad. AMNuBiH activities are: organization of scientific and professional meetings and publishing their results of research and investigations which promote B&H medical sciences and improve the health care system of B&H. Also, publishing of AMNuBiH indexed journals: Medicinski arhiv (Medical Archives), Materia Socio-Medica and Acta Informatica Medica, and cooperation with institutions in the country and abroad which goals and activities are the same or similar as AMNuBiH activities. Currently. Academy has 33 members. Facts about AMNuBiH activities during past 10 years are described in the book “Ten years of Anniversary of AMNuBiH: 2009-2019) and deposited on official web site of Academy: www.amn.ba.

Connected devices in IoT as well as the smartwatch market are getting more and more popular every year. The main mode of communication in IoT is an easy-to-use MQTT protocol suitable for devices with limited resources and battery power. Tizen is used for platforms such as mobile devices, smartwatches, TVs and even Linux kernel-based IoT devices. In this paper, we explain how MQTT protocol, Tizen operating systems and their architecture work, and suggest one possible implementation of a MQTT protocol for Smartwatches based on the Tizen operating system. We list the types of Tizen applications, develop a native application, and suggest possible future upgrades and appliances in IoT.

Introduction: Injuries to the radial nerve can occur at any point along its anatomical route, and the etiology quite varies. A particular entity are war injuries of the extremities, which have high morbidity but low mortality. After irreparable radial nerve injury, the only treatment is tendon transfer (if we neglect arthrodesis) with over then 40 methods. Four tendon transfers are considered as better than the other and two of them are the subject of our article flexor carpi radialis (FCR) and flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU). Aim: To evaluate the ultimate functional results of forearm tendon transfers for irreparable radial nerve damage caused by war injuries and indicate the better operative treatment choice in accordance with the evaluation schemes. Methods: This retrospective research included 40 patients with isolated irreparable radial nerve damage. Patients were operated from 1993 to 1996. The follow-up period is from 3.5 to 11.5 years (until 2007). Twenty patients were operated using FCR tendon transfer method and twenty patients were operated using FCU tendon transfer method. The surgery was performed at the Clinic for Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo. Three score evaluation schemes were used: Zachary, Neumann Pertecke and Tajima scheme, along with subjective evaluation of treatment. Results: Measured by the Zachary Evaluation Scheme, the overall score in patients undergoing FCR tendon transfer is 92.25%. In patients undergoing FCU tendon transfer, the total score was 82.20%. The total result of all 40 operated patients was 87.25%. The Zachary evaluation scheme showed a significant difference between FCR and FCU results by tendon transfer (p <0.05) in favor of the FCR tendon transfer. Tajima scheme proved a statistically significant difference between the two tendon transfers (p = 0.024), also in favor of FCR tendon transfers. Conclusion: Forearm tendon transfer is a relevant method to compensate for the loss of function of the wrist, fingers and thumb extensions as a result of irreparable damage to the radial nerve. FCR tendon transfer provides better functional results than FCU tendon transfer in irreparable radial nerve damage. The time elapsed from the injury to the performed surgery of the tendon transfer has no effect on the final functional result. There is no surgical tendon transfer procedure that can be recommended as a standard for any patient. Practically, the surgeon must tailor the surgery to the patient’s needs. It is necessary to develop a unique and generally accepted evaluation scheme for the results of tendon transfers that will enable comparisons of results achieved. Both methods can be used for irreparable damage of radial nerve due to any etiology.

With the development of smart cities, the demand for artificial intelligence (AI) based services grows exponentially. The existing works just focus on cloud- edge or edge-device cooperative AI which suffers low learning efficiency of AI, while edge-to-edge cooperative AI is still an unresolved issue. Moreover, the existing researches concentrate on the computation offloading of the AI-based task, ignoring that it is a brain-like task performing sophisticated processing to raw data, which leads to the high latency and low quality of the learning services. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an on-demand learning offloading mechanism for edge-to-edge cooperative AI. Firstly, the principle of the learning capability and its offloading are proposed for the formal description of the learning resources migration. Secondly, the proposed mechanism realizes the bilateral learning offloading utilizing edge-to-edge and cloud-edge collaborations to handle AI-based tasks with high learning efficiency and resource utilization rate. Moreover, we model the edge-to-edge learning offloading allocation based on the concatenation of deep neural network (DNN) subtasks and their heterogeneous requirement of learning resources. Simulation results indicate the rationality and efficiency of the proposed mechanism.

Abstract Power systems around the world have undergone a number of important organizational, structural and technological changes over the past few decades; they are a direct consequence of the electricity market liberalization and transition from conventional energy conversion technologies towards renewable resources. These changes represent many advantages as well as challenges for the Distribution System Operator (DSO). The aim of this paper is to review the most important principles, objectives and technical criteria used in planning the development of the electricity distribution network. Presented principles can be used as basic guidelines when developing short-term and long-term plans for the construction and reconstruction of power distribution facilities. This paper also presents a methodological approach to the planning and ranking of proposed electricity facilities with an example from practice that is based on the real planning problem in ED Mostar. The basic conclusion of the paper is that the identification of objectives, criteria and the application of an appropriate and unique methodology is of the utmost importance for formulating the framework of the planning process.

System of Systems (SoS) represent a set of independent Constituent Systems (CS) that collaborate in order to provide functionalities that they are unable to achieve independently. We consider SoS as a set of connected services that needs to be adequately protected. The integration of these independent, evolutionary and distributed systems, intensifies SoS complexity and emphasizes the behavior uncertainty, which makes an SoS security analysis a critical challenge. One of the major priorities when designing SoS, is to analyze the unknown dependencies among CS services and vulnerabilities leading to potential cyberattacks. The aim of this work is to investigate how Software Engineering approaches could be leveraged to analyze the cyberattack propagation problem within an SoS. Such analysis is essential for an efficient SoS risk assessment performed early at the SoS design phase and required to protect the SoS from possibly high impact attacks affecting its safety and security. In order to achieve our objective, we present a model-driven analysis approach, based on Bayesian Networks, a sensitivity analysis and Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) with aim to discover potential cyberattacks propagation and estimate the probability of a security failure and its impact on SoS services. We illustrate this approach in an autonomous quarry example.

A significant number of small farms in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) produce berry fruits. Some of them achieve good economic results, however many have significant potential for further improvement. Due to several beneficial factors, many farms decide for cultivation of a single berry fruit activity, however this decision implies a potential risk in case of unfavourable production or market conditions for that crop. The aim of this analysis is therefore to observe the extent of risk reduction by application of different diversification strategies, using two types of berry fruits; and the most efficient production plans for such a farm from a risk perspective. A linear program was utilized to prepare an optimal production plan, while quadratic risk programming served to analyse risk. Results show that diversification could be a significantly important possibility for risk reduction on such farm type. It is possible to reduce risk with capital and labour less intensive production activities. Production of the highly intensive strawberry variety Clery has highest Estimated Gross Margin (EGM), but is also associated with very high risk. If one includes raspberries or blueberries into the production plan, it is possible to significantly reduce risk while almost keeping EGM at the same level. On the other hand, if the farmer is risk averse, the highest opportunity cost for risk reduction on such a farm type is in production of raspberry and blueberry, where it is necessary to give up 3.25 EUR on average for decreasing risk for one EUR. In the other two scenarios, production of strawberry – blueberry and strawberry – raspberry, risk gradient values are almost the same with amount 2.57 EUR sand 2.56 EUR, respectively.