A distinct environmental setting of the naturally elongated city of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina stimulated its historical development in a constant transit-oriented manner despite its frequent and diverse regime shifts, planning practices and periods of war destruction. Topographically conditioned natural processes along with anthropogenic factors contributed to increasing challenges to urban sustainability. With Sarajevo in the top ranks, the country’s alarming level of air pollution was rated number one in Europe in 2019 with an annual average of 40,9 μg/m3 of PM2.5 (IQAir, 2020). The emergence of high-rise development without proper long-term planning strategies largely contributes to smog retention as a recent study on ventilation corridors in the city has shown (EBRD, 2019). As in many Southeast European cities over the last few decades, Sarajevo is dealing with an urban sprawl generated by the development of informal settlements (Tsenkova, 2012). These represent the dominant developments on surrounding hillsides around the city, accessible mainly by vehicle transportation, creating an aggravating factor on infrastructure, air quality and future development. Current practice in mitigating these challenges are scarce and often obstructed by adverse political agendas. The border of two uncooperative and structurally different governing Entities stretches alongside the city and hinders a unified long term regulation plan. The main research approach of this paper is based on grounded theory and case studies of cities with similar elevation variations. The paper establishes two main challenges to a sustainable urban development for a valley-based city in air quality and transportation. It elucidates sustainable urban planning opportunities in an oil-depleted future of Sarajevo while dealing with the given circumstances of urban disengagement and infrastructural pressure of the peripheral hillside developments and the urgent vertical growth restrictions in the valley, providing conceptual solutions for urban integration of the largely informal settlements through cable propelled modes of transportation and heat source reevaluation.

Introduction/Objective. Gunshot residue (GSR) on the skin of a victim are important evidence, with far better precision, for reconstructive questions in the forensic investigation of cases involving gunshot wounds. The aim of this experimental study was to analyze if there was any significant difference in macroscopic characteristics of wounds that were caused with different types of weapons from three different distances. Methods. This study was conducted at the Department of Ballistic and Mechanoscopic Expertise, Federal Police Directorate. Experiments were done on pigskin and 55 samples were made. Shooting was conducted using a system for safe firing. Samples of the pigskin were shot by firing projectiles from four different weapons and from three different distances, (contact wound, five centimetres and 10 centimetres). Results. At the contact range, wounds caused by automatic rifle had horizontal, vertical diameters larger than those made by pistols. Diameters on the wounds that were caused with different pistols, were similar. At the range of five centimetres, the narrowest part of contusion ring significantly differs even through pistol wounds. Diameters at the range of 10 centimetres are in favor of these results. Gunpowder residue scattering area was statistically different depending of type of weapon (p = 0.004). Conclusion. Wound diameters and surface area are useful for differentiation between pistol and rifle caused wounds. It is unsecure method for determination of pistol caliber or fire range. GSR have much greater potential for future analyses, but even GSR cannot be used to determine pistol caliber.

The education system at all levels in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), in an emerging and small open transitional economy is still insufficiently focused on strengthening the entrepreneurial spirit of young people, as well as encouraging young people to self-employment as a career option. The purpose of the research is to analyze the development of the entrepreneurial ecosystem of University of Banja Luka (UNIBL) and to model the future contours of a reformed modern medium-sized public university in small developing economies, with the focus on building campuses as entrepreneurial ecosystems. From empirical research carried out in 2018 by using a factor and correlation analysis, it can be concluded that UNIBL does not have the characteristics of an entrepreneurial university and that it is necessary to transform the university. A modified model of the entrepreneurial ecosystem of the University of Chicago adapted to small transition emerging economies was proposed.