Aim To use the method of meta-analysis to assess the influence of island population isolation on the sub-structuring of the Croatian population, as well as the influence of regional population groups on the sub-structuring of the Southeastern European population with regard to basic population genetic statistical parameters calculated by using STR locus analysis. Methods Bio-statistical analyses were performed for 2877 unrelated participants of both sexes from Southeastern Europe. Nine autosomal STR loci (D3S1358, vWA, FGA, TH01, TPOX, CSF1PO, D5S818, D13S317, and D7S82) were analyzed by using standard F-statistics and population structure analysis (Structure software). Results Genetic differentiation of Croatian subpopulations assessed with the FST method was higher at the level of the Croatian population (0.005) than at the level of Southeastern Europe (0.002). The island of Vis showed the most pronounced separation in the Croatian population, and Albanians from Kosovo in the population of Southeast Europe, followed by Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Hungary. Conclusion The higher structure of Croatian subpopulations in relation to Southeastern Europe suggest a certain degree of genetic isolation, most likely due to the influence of endogamy within rural island populations.

Aim To analyze an additional set of Y-chromosome genetic markers to acquire a more detailed insight into the diversity of the Croatian population. Methods A total of 518 Yfiler Plus profiles were genotyped. Allele frequencies, haplotype frequencies, and haplotype diversity were calculated by using the STRAF software v. 2.0.4. Genetic distances were quantified by Rst with AMOVA online tool from the YHRD. The evolutionary history was inferred with the neighbor-joining method of phylogenetic tree construction in the MEGAX software. Whit Athey's Haplogroup Predictor v. 5 was used for additional comparison with regional and other European populations. Results A total of 507 haplotypes were used for genetic STR analysis. An interpopulation study on 17 Y-STR markers showed the lowest genetic diversity between the Croatian and Bosnian-Herzegovinian populations and the highest between the Croatian and Irish populations. Additional interpopulation comparison with the original 27 Y-STR markers (for the population with available data) was also performed. A total of 518 haplotypes were used in the determination of haplogroup diversity. Haplogroup I with its sublineage I2a expressed the highest prevalence. The second most prevalent haplogroup was R, with its major sublineage R1a, except for the subpopulation of Hvar, where E1b1b was the second most prevalent haplogroup. Rare haplogroups also confirmed in this study were L, T, and Q. G1 was detected for the first time in the Croatian population. Conclusion We obtained a new insight into the differences between examined subpopulations of Croatia and their possible (dis)similarities with neighboring and distant populations.

Background Serostudies are important resources when following pandemics and predicting their further spread, as well as determining the length of protection against reinfection and vaccine development. The aim of this study was to update data on the prevalence of seropositive individuals in Canton Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) from September 2020 to May 2021. Methods Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were quantified using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Results Compared to the period April–July 2020, when anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected in 3.77% of samples, one year later (May 2021) the estimated percentage within the same population of the urban Canton Sarajevo was 29.9% (5,406/18,066). Of all anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ig-positive individuals, 53.27% were men, and 69.00% were of 50 years of age or younger. Also, the current update found the individuals 50 years of age or younger to be more frequently anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ig positive compared to older individuals. On the other hand, higher median anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ig levels were found in individuals > 50 years old than in younger individuals, as well as in men compared to women. Seropositivity gradually increased from September 2020 to May 2021, with the lowest frequency of positive cases (3.5%) observed in September 2020, and the highest frequency (77.7%) in January 2021. Conclusion Our results provided important seroprevalence data that could help in planning restrictive local public health measures to protect the population of Sarajevo Canton, especially considering that at the time of the study the vaccines were virtually inaccessible to the general population not belonging to any of the high-priority groups for vaccination.

Aim To analyze additional set of Y-Chromosome genetic markers to acquire a more detailed insight into the diversity of the Croatian population. Methods The total number of 518 Yfiler™ Plus profiles was genotyped. Allele, haplotype frequencies and haplotype diversity, were calculated using the STRAF software package v2.0.4. Genetic distances were quantified by Rst using AMOVA online tool from the YHRD. The evolutionary history was inferred using the neighbor-joining method of phylogenetic tree construction in MEGAX software. Whit Athey’s Haplogroup Predictor v5 was used for additional comparison with selected European populations. Results The total of 507 haplotypes were used for genetic STR analysis. The interpopulation comparison with the original 27 Y-STR markers shows the lowest genetic diversity between Croatian and Serbian population, and the highest between Croatian and Spanish population. Interpopulation study on 17 Y-STR markers shows the lowest genetic diversity between Croatian and Bosnian-Herzegovinian population, and the highest between Croatian and Irish population. Total of 518 haplotypes were used in the determination of haplogroup diversity. Haplogroup I with its sublineage I2a expressed the highest prevalence. Haplogroup R, with its major sublineage R1a, is the second most abundant in the studied Croatian population, except for the subpopulation of Hvar, where E1b1b is the second most abundant haplogroup. Rare haplogroups also confirmed in this study are L, T and Q. G1 is detected for the very first time in Croatian population. Conclusion New insight into differences between examined subpopulations of Croatia and their possible (dis)similarities with neighboring abroad populations was notified.

Introduction: Cheiloscopy is defined as the study of the sulci labiorum, known as "lip prints". Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to determine the morphological characteristics of the lip grooves in the three dominant nationalities in the Republic of North Macedonia (Macedonians, Albanians, Roma) and to compare the obtained results with the morphological characteristics of the lip grooves in three other populations from different geographical regions. Material and methods: In this research, we included 150 examinees aged 25-50 years and divided them into three groups: Macedonians (50), Albanians (50) and Roma (50). The lip prints were taken using microscopic slides and detected using the dactyloscopic powder and brush method. We used the Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification to typify the lip prints. Results: The most common type of lip grooves in the population of the Republic of North Macedonia was the type II grooves. There was no significant difference in the presence of different types of lip grooves in the four quadrants between males and females, nor between Macedonians, Albanians and Roma. The comparative analysis showed that populations from different geographical areas had different anthropological and morphological characteristics of the lip grooves. Conclusion: Type II lip grooves are the most common in the population of the Republic of North Macedonia and there is no statistically significant difference between the prevalence of different types of lip grooves in the three nationalities in this study. Considering the large number of factors that can affect the quality of the lip print, we recommend that a swab should always be taken before collecting the lip print in order to attempt to extract DNA material from the found trace.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is triggered by extremely stressful environmental events and characterized by high emotional distress, re-experiencing of trauma, avoidance and hypervigilance. The present study uses polygenic risk scores (PRS) derived from the UK Biobank (UKBB) mega-cohort analysis as part of the PGC PTSD GWAS effort to determine the heritable basis of PTSD in the South Eastern Europe (SEE)-PTSD cohort. We further analyzed the relation between PRS and additional disease-related variables, such as number and intensity of life events, coping, sex and age at war on PTSD and CAPS as outcome variables. Association of PRS, number and intensity of life events, coping, sex and age on PTSD were calculated using logistic regression in a total of 321 subjects with current and remitted PTSD and 337 controls previously subjected to traumatic events but not having PTSD. In addition, PRS and other disease-related variables were tested for association with PTSD symptom severity, measured by the Clinician Administrated PTSD Scale (CAPS) by liner regression. To assess the relationship between the main outcomes PTSD diagnosis and symptom severity, each of the examined variables was adjusted for all other PTSD related variables. The categorical analysis showed significant polygenic risk in patients with remitted PTSD and the total sample, whereas no effects were found on symptom severity. Intensity of life events as well as the individual coping style were significantly associated with PTSD diagnosis in both current and remitted cases. The dimensional analyses showed as association of war-related frequency of trauma with symptom severity, whereas the intensity of trauma yielded significant results independently of trauma timing in current PTSD. The present PRS application in the SEE-PTSD cohort confirms modest but significant polygenic risk for PTSD diagnosis. Environmental factors, mainly the intensity of traumatic life events and negative coping strategies, yielded associations with PTSD both categorically and dimensionally with more significant p-values. This suggests that, at least in the present cohort of war-related trauma, the association of environmental factors and current individual coping strategies with PTSD psychopathology was stronger than the polygenic risk.

Bosnia and Herzegovina is located in the South-Eastern Europe, characterized by numerous historical influences, massive migration processes and complex population structure. For that reason, the aim of this study is to provide an accurate and precise update of the population genetics data of allele frequencies on 23 Y-STR loci in Bosnia and Herzegovina using larger sample size. For this purpose, 480 adult male individuals from the general population have been genotyped over 23 Y-STR loci contained in the PowerPlex Y23 system. Population genetics parameters have been calculated, namely allele and haplotype frequencies, gene and haplotype diversity, as well as Rst and P values for the assessment of interpopulation differences. The obtained results are in close agreement with previously published data for Bosnian-Herzegovinian population, as well as for local subpopulations. This study offers significantly increased resolution and information content, with 454 unique haplotypes. Population comparison reveals no statistically significant differences between the study population and 12 European populations used for comparison, as visualized through an MDS plot and neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree. This study offers representative data for local Y chromosomes that can be used for forensic applications, paternity and kinship testing, as well as for genealogical studies.

Human Y-chromosomal haplogroups are an important tool used in population genetics and forensic genetics. A conventional method used for Y haplogroup assignment is based on a set of Y-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers deployed, which exploits the low mutation rate nature of these markers. Y chromosome haplogroups can be successfully predicted from Y-short tandem repeat (STR) markers using different software packages, and this method gained much attention recently due to its labor-, time-, and cost-effectiveness. The present study was based on the analysis of a total of 480 adult male buccal swab samples collected from different regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Y haplogroup prediction was performed using Whit Athey’s Haplogroup Predictor, based on haplotype data on 23 Y-STR markers contained within the PowerPlex® Y23 kit. The results revealed the existence of 14 different haplogroups, with I2a, R1a, and E1b1b being the most prevalent with frequencies of 43.13, 14.79, and 14.58%, respectively. Compared to the previously published studies on Bosnian-Herzegovinian population based on Y-SNP and Y-STR data, this study represents an upgrade of molecular genetic data with a significantly larger number of samples, thus offering more accurate results and higher probability of detecting rare haplogroups.

Human gene F5, encoding coagulation factor V, was previously reported to be highly polymorphic. Apart from FV Leiden, several other rare variants have been detected in clinical practice and associated with thrombotic events, especially in cases when patient’s phenotype and FV Leiden genotype were not in agreement. In this study, the prevalence of 17 rare F5 variants has been studied on a sample of 130 healthy adult individuals from the general Bosnian-Herzegovinian population. DNA was isolated from buccal swab samples, while genotyping was performed using MALDI-TOF MS method. The results have shown that Asp2194Gly and Met2120Thr are polymorphic in the study population with minor allele frequencies of 0.077 and 0.073, respectively. Additionally, these two variants were mutually exclusive with FV Leiden and none of them was positively associated with participants’ family history of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases. While the obtained results are in agreement with previously reported data for the general Caucasian populations, it is worth noting that only two rare F5 variants were detected in the study population, albeit at considerable frequencies. Still, scientific information on rare F5 variants is rather scarce and further studies aiming to assess functional importance of these variants, as well as their role as prothrombotic factors are necessary.

Introduction Serological detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobulins G (IgG) and M (IgM) antibodies is becoming increasingly important in the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We report the first results of COVID-19 serological testing in Bosnia and Herzegovina on 2841 samples collected and analysed in 2 medical institutions in Sarajevo. Antibody detection was performed using commercially available kits. Results In the first cohort, 43 IgM-positive/IgG-negative and 16 IgM-positive/IgG-positive individuals were detected, corresponding to 3.41% of participants having developed antibodies. In the second cohort, 4.28% participants were found to be IgM-negative/IgG-positive. Conclusions Our results suggest the need for population-wide serological surveying in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Background: The human angiotensin I converting enzyme 1 (ACE1) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism is classified based on the presence or absence of a 287 bp Alu sequence. The ACE1 D allele is associated with higher ACE1 concentrations in tissues. Previous research has shown that susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is primarily determined by the affinity between the viral receptor-binding domain and the host human receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor. In the human genome, ACE2 is identified as a homolog to ACE1. Objective: The purpose of this study was to characterize the ACE1 D allele distribution in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), so as to compare it to population data from other European countries and to investigate the potential correlation between D allele frequencies and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemiological findings in selected European populations. Methods: The ACE1 D allele frequencies in 18 selected European populations were analyzed and compared with COVID-19 prevalence, mortality, and severity using multivariate linear regression analysis. Results and Discussion: The ACE1 D allele distribution within the B&H population was similar to its distribution in other European populations. Regression analysis showed no significant correlation between the D allele frequency and the incidence of infections between the examined populations, nor with the rates of fatality and severe cases. Conclusion: There is no clear statistical evidence that the ACE1 D allele is associated with increased or decreased COVID-19 incidence, mortality, and case severity within the investigated populations.

Abstract – Modern Bosnia and Herzegovina is a state consisting of multiple ethnicities and regions located in the Western Balkan, with a very complex history. The earliest historical findings show that its area was inhabited since the Paleolithic. From that time, this part of Europe, especially the region of the Modern Bosnia and Herzegovina, could be recognized as the crossroad for the different human migration and the meeting point for different cultures, religions and gene pools. Mitochondrial DNA is being used for maternal lineage testing, while the Y chromosome is being used for paternal lineage testing. Therefore, these markers are being referred to as lineage markers. Lineage markers are often used for parental lineage monitoring in population genetics, human genetics, as well as in forensic genetics. The main intention of this paper is to construct a short overview of the Y chromosome studies performed in Bosnia and Herzegovina within the last two decades.

In a relatively short period of time new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a global threat, both to human health and to the functioning of human society in general. This pandemic is certainly neither the first nor is it likely to be the last disease episode in human history. At the moment, it is still too early to make a reliable assessment of its total effect on human civilization, but it can already be stated that this disease, and its causative agent SARS-CoV-2 virus, have caused a strong scientific response all around the World. For the first time in this magnitude, it has united the resources of large scientific institutions and companies with the aim of finding solutions for fast and accurate virus detection procedures, effective and safe vaccine, reliable medical treatments, etc. It is astonishing that only a month has passed from the first officially detected case to the complete sequencing of the SARS-CoV-2 virus genome and the creation of the first detection systems based on RT-PCR method. After that, numerous scientific teams and companies worked together, or independently, to improve the detection methods. Their work included further optimization of PCR and other genetic approaches, as well as the development of detection methods based on the analysis of specific antibodies and viral antigens. The aim of this paper is to review the results that were achieved in this area so far, analyze the strategies currently used in the world and the region, and to predict future steps in the process of optimizing and improving methods for SARS CoV-2 detection in individual patients and the global human population.

Whole Genome Sequence of four samples from COVID-19 outbreaks was done in two laboratories in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Veterinary Faculty Sarajevo and Alea Genetic Center). All four BiH sequences cluster mainly with European ones (Italy, Austria, France, Sweden, Cyprus, England). The constructed phylogenetic tree indicates probable multiple independent introduction events. The success of future containment measures concernig new introductions will be highly challenging for country due to the significant proportion of BH population living abroad.

This study was conducted to confirm preliminary anthropological research indicating the specificity of isolated Selška Valley populations and implement clear mapping of genetic distances between neighboring populations and similar "inland island" populations from the region. The sample consisted of 86 unrelated individuals born in the Selška Valley from the lowland villages (Bukovica, Ševlje, Dolenja Vas, Selca, Železniki and Zali Log) and the mountain villages (Podlonk, Prtovč, Spodnje Danje, Zgornja Sorica and Spodnja Sorica). The for mentioned 15 STR loci (D3S1358, TH01, D21S11, D18S51, Penta E, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, D16S539, CSF1PO, Penta D, vWA, D8S1179, TPOX and FGA) were analyzed and statistical analysis was applied to determine population-genetics and forensic parameters. The frequencies of 15 STR loci from isolated populations of Slovenian villages, Slovenia, Bosnian mountain villages and Bosnia and Herzegovina were analyzed to calculate genetic distances between them. Our results confirmed a similar genetic pattern between the Selška Valley mountain villages and Slovenian general population as well as Bosnian mountain villages and general Bosnian population. Even if the sample size was relatively small and examined populations were geographically isolated, observed genetic variation within the whole population was relatively high and comparable with neighboring populations. Additional analysis proved that the Selška Valley population is genetically closest to the Slovenian and Austrian populations. On the other hand, comparison with similarly patterned populations confirmed that this population could be recognized as "inland island" population in genetic terms.