: We investigate the global asymptotic stability of the difference equation of the form

Global dynamic results are obtained for families of competitive systems of difference equations of the form

<jats:p>We investigate the global asymptotic stability of the following second order rational difference equation of the form <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>B</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>F</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>b</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">0,1</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mo>…</mml:mo><mml:mo>,</mml:mo></mml:math> where the parameters <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>B</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>F</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>b</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>, and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>c</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> and initial conditions <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M7"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">0</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> are positive real numbers. The map associated with this equation is always decreasing in the second variable and can be either increasing or decreasing in the first variable depending on the parametric space. In some cases, we prove that local asymptotic stability of the unique equilibrium point implies global asymptotic stability. Also, we show that considered equation exhibits the Naimark-Sacker bifurcation resulting in the existence of the locally stable periodic solution of unknown period.</jats:p>

In this paper we present some global dynamic scenarios for general competitive maps in the plane. We apply these results to the class of second-order autonomous difference equations whose transition functions are decreasing in the variable xn\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$x_{n}$\end{document} and increasing in the variable xn−1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$x_{n-1}$\end{document}. We illustrate our results with the application to the difference equation xn+1=Cxn−12+Exn−1axn2+dxn+f,n=0,1,…,\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ x_{n+1}=\frac{Cx_{n-1}^{2}+Ex_{n-1}}{a x_{n}^{2}+d x_{n}+f},\quad n=0,1,\ldots, $$\end{document} where the initial conditions x−1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$x_{-1}$\end{document} and x0\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$x_{0}$\end{document} are arbitrary nonnegative numbers such that the solution is defined and the parameters satisfy C,E,a,d,f≥0\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$C,E,a,d,f\geq0$\end{document}, C+E>0\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$C+E>0$\end{document}, a+C>0\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$a+C>0$\end{document}, and a+d>0\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$a+d>0$\end{document}. We characterize the global dynamics of this equation with the basins of attraction of its equilibria and periodic solutions.

In this paper, we consider the cooperative system [Formula: see text] where all parameters [Formula: see text] are positive numbers and the initial conditions [Formula: see text] are nonnegative numbers. We describe the global dynamics of this system in a number of cases. An interesting feature of this system is that it exhibits a coexistence of locally stable equilibrium and locally stable periodic solutions as well as the Allee effect.

We investigate the nonautonomous difference equation with real initial conditions and coefficients g i , i = 0 , 1 which are in general functions of n and/or the state variables x n , x n − 1 , … , and satisfy g 0 + g 1 = 1 . We also obtain some global results about the behavior of solutions of the nonautonomous non-homogeneous difference equation where g i , i = 0 , 1 , 2 are functions of n and/or the state variables x n , x n − 1 , … , with g 0 + g 1 = 1 . Our results are based on the explicit formulas for solutions. We illustrate our results by numerous examples.

We investigate the global asymptotic stability and Naimark-Sacker bifurcation of the dierence equation xn+1 = F bxnxn 1 +cx 2 1 +f ; n = 0; 1;:::

We present some basic discrete models in populations dynamics of single species with several age classes. Starting with the basic Beverton-Holt model that describes the change of single species we discuss its basic properties such as a convergence of all solutions to the equilibrium, oscillation of solutions about the equilibrium solutions, Allee’s effect, and Jillson’s effect. We consider the effect of the constant and periodic immigration and emigration on the global properties of Beverton-Holt model. We also consider the effect of the periodic environment on the global properties of Beverton-Holt model.

We investigate global dynamics of the following systems of difference equations , , , where the parameters , , , , , and are positive numbers and the initial conditions and are arbitrary nonnegative numbers. This system is a version of the Leslie-Gower competition model for two species. We show that this system has rich dynamics which depends on the part of parametric space.