Haemonchus contortus is a globally significant parasitic nematode in ruminants, with widespread resistance to benzimidazole due to its excessive and prolonged use. Given the extensive use of benzimidazole anthelmintics in Bosnia and Herzegovina, we hypothesized that resistance is prevalent. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of anthelmintic resistance to benzimidazole in H. contortus from naturally infected sheep, goats and cattle in Bosnia and Herzegovina through the detection of the Phe/Tyr polymorphism in the amino acid at position 200 of the β-tubulin protein. From 19 locations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a total of 83 adult H. contortus were collected from the abomasum of ruminants. Among these, 45 H. contortus specimens were isolated from sheep, 19 from goats and 19 from cattle. Results showed that 77.8% of H. contortus in sheep exhibited homozygous resistant genotypes at position 200 of the β-tubulin gene, with 15.5% being heterozygous. In goats, all tested H. contortus (100%) were homozygous resistant, and no heterozygous resistant or homozygous sensitive genotypes were found. Cattle had 94.7% homozygous resistant H. contortus, with no heterozygous resistant genotypes detected. In H. contortus from sheep and cattle, 6.7% and 5.3%, respectively, displayed homozygous sensitive genotypes. This study, for the first time, highlights the presence of a resistant population of H. contortus in sheep, goats and cattle in Bosnia and Herzegovina, using the rt-qPCR method. The resistance likely spread from sheep or goats to cattle, facilitated by shared pastures and the practice of transhumance, indicating a widespread and growing issue of anthelmintic resistance.

Sušenje mesa datira još iz doba Rimljana koji su u svojim sušnicama sušili razne vrste mesa koje su konzumirali moreplovci trgovci s juga, a vremenom je suho meso stiglo i u sjeverne evropske zemlje. Ipak, bitno je naglasiti da tu nije riječ o suhom goveđem mesu koje je tradicionalno za naše područje. Tradicija pravljenja suhog mesa u našoj zemlji je stara vijekovima, a neki proizvođači su i danas zadržali stari način pravljenja ovog proizvoda. Miris i okus suhog mesa se razlikuje od područja do područja pa tako zavisi od klime, nadmorske visine, načina ishrane, vrste goveda, ali veliku ulogu ima sušnica, način soljenja, priprema robe u smislu da li se meso ohladilo nakon klanja, itd. Na kvalitet, higijensku ispravnost, kao i održivost utječu brojni faktori od pravilnog tehnološkog procesa proizvodnje do manipulacije finalnim proizvodom. Jedna od mogućnosti produženja roka upotrebe, održavanje bolje kvalite, kao i higijenske i mikrobiološke ispravnosti je i vakuumiranje gotovih proizvoda.

Bosanskohercegovačko društvo karakteriše brz demografski razvoj koji se ogleda u trendovima izrazitog pada nataliteta, stope fertiliteta koja je ispod granice proste reprodukcije, drastičnog pada stope formalnog sklapanja brakova, odlaganja sklapanja braka za kasnije godine i rađanja prvog djeteta, značajnog porasta izvanbračnih zajednica (kohabitacija), te porasta izvanbračnog rađanja djece i jednoroditeljskih porodica. Mladi danas imaju veće preferencije prema obrazovanju, materijalnoj sigurnosti, nakon toga se posvećuju porodici. Uzevši u obzir navedeno, predmet istraživanja su stavovi studentica prema braku i porodici. U ovom radu daju se rezultati istraživanja provedenog među studenticama Islamsko pedagoškog fakulteta u Zenici u periodu april–maj 2023. godine. Cilj istraživanja jeste u kontekstu niskog fertiliteta u Bosni i Hercegovini ispitati stavove studentica, koje se spremaju za ulazak na tržište rada prema mjerama porodične i populacijske politike. Naučni cilj istraživanja odnosio se na potrebu sticanja saznanja koja će omogućiti jasnije shvatanje i razumijevanje braka i porodice od strane mladih osoba. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da istraženi uzorak ženske studentske populacije ima jasno izražene stavove o pitanjima koja se tiču braka, porodice i mjera porodične politike. Rezultati ukazuju na potrebu koncipiranja bolje populacijske pronatalističke politike, u smislu poboljšanja dječijih dodataka, porodiljskih naknada i drugih jednokratnih porodičnih naknada, porodiljski dopusti za oba roditelja, poticajnu stambenu, kreditnu i poreznu politiku, sveobuhvatnu zdravstvenu zaštitu majke i djeteta, diferenciranu politiku cijena za određene proizvode za djecu, fleksibilno radno vrijeme za majke s djecom do određene dobi, te druge materijalne i nematerijalne olakšice za djecu.

This study aimed to assess the microbi- ological quality of Livno cheese and milk as its raw material. It also investigated potential differences in microorganism presence and quantity between milk and cheese to under- stand the impact of milk processing on micro- biological quality. A total of 15 raw milk and 15 Livno ripened cheese samples were ana- lysed for the presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. Detection and quan- tification were performed for the following microorganisms: coagulase-positive staphy- lococci, aerobic mesophilic bacteria (for milk samples), E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae, sulfite-re- ducing clostridia (for cheese samples), yeasts and moulds. Salmonella spp. was not detected in any of the samples. Microbiological analy- sis of milk revealed varying levels of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae, yeasts, moulds, and L. monocytogenes. Coagu- lase-positive staphylococci were detected in only two of 15 raw milk samples. In 15 Livno cheese samples, all tested microorganisms were below detectable levels except for E. coli (found in two samples) and Enterobacteriaceae (found in three samples). Statistical tests indi- cated significant differences in microbial pres- ence and quantity between milk and cheese, except for coagulase-positive staphylococci. Given the importance of cheese microbiology for food safety and consumer health, this re- search provides valuable insights into the pro- duction and quality control of this traditional Bosnian cheese.

Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections remain one of the most prevalent and important issue affecting ruminants worldwide. Until date, the majority of GIN control has relied on the administra-tion of chemical anthelmintic medications on a regular basis, in recent years, the problem of anthel-mintic resistance has reached new heights where it can no longer be ignored as a major issue in the control of parasites of livestock. Anthelmintics are generally used at farmers' discretion, with no restrictions to access to commercially available drugs and without any assistance from veterinarians. Thus, inadequate use of anthelmintics is not rare, animals are often treated excessively, interfering with production, accelerating selection of resistant parasites, and posing significant problems for the ruminant industry. The unusually high frequency of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in sheep and goat nematodes threatens the sustainability of small-ruminant enterprises in several parts of the world. Although resistance in horses and cattle nematodes has not yet reached the levels reported in small ruminants, data shows that resistance issues, particularly MDR worms, are rising in these hosts. Both innovative non-chemical parasite control methods and molecular tests capable of detecting resistant worms are urgently needed. Keywords: Anthelmintics; Multidrug resistance; Gastrointestinal nematodes; Ruminants; Preva-lence

The increase of global fish consumption brings with it the problem of fish mislabeling, which leads to economic losses for consumers or may even result in consumers’ health risk. Thus, continuous development of methods used in identification of exact fish species is essential. There are numerous modern identification methods, which use DNA or specific fish proteins as biomarkers, but they all come with various benefits and drawbacks. Protein-based methods include electrophoretic methods, ELISA, HPLC and MALDI-ToF Mass Spectrometry, while the methods that use DNA as a biomarker include PCR-RFLP, SSCP, qPCR, RAPD, FINS, DNA microarray, DNA barcoding, pyrosequencing and metabarcoding. There is a continuous development of new or improved methods. Most of the methods display a much better performance when analyzing raw or lightly processed fish, such as chilled or frozen, while heat treatment often leads to changes in the biomarker molecules, making the species identification difficult. The ideal method does not yet exist, but methods such as DNA barcoding, MALDI-ToF Mass Spectrometry and metabarcoding are the ones that show most potential.

Background: According to the WHO (2019), more than 1.5 billion people worldwide are infected with soil-transmitted parasites. Previous research in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FB&H) was mainly conducted in the area of the Sarajevo Canton. Therefore, the aim of the research was to explore contamination of soil and vegetation with developmental forms of parasites in the other cantons of FB&H. Methods: Between Apr and Oct 2018, a total of 1,618 soil and vegetation samples were taken from 386 different locations in the 9 cantons of the FB&H. Results: Positive samples were observed, 65/66 (98.48%) municipalities/cities and on 239/386 (61.92%) locations. Out of 1,618 samples taken in total (1,263 soil samples and 355 vegetation samples), 357 (22.06%) were positive, out of which 337 (26.68%) and 20 (5.63%) were soil and plant samples, respectively. In total, the following adult and developmental forms were identified: Taeniidae eggs (7.30%), Toxocara spp. eggs (62.08%), Ancylostomatidae eggs (25.00%), Trichuris spp. eggs (9.55%), Capillaria spp. eggs (3.37%), Toxascaris leonina eggs (1.40%), Nematodes larvae (19.38%), Giardia duodenalis cysts (5.06%), Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts (1.4%), oocysts and cysts of different species of Protozoa (3.93%). Conclusion: The identified developmental forms of parasites pose a permanent threat to human health. It is necessary to carry out measures to reduce the contamination of soil and vegetation in coordination with systematic solutions (legislation), paralelly with contribution of animal owners, veterinarians, physicians, ecologists, parents and all the others involved in this issue.

Patvorenje prehrambenih proizvoda podrazumijeva zamjenu i/ili dodavanje nekog sastojka proizvodu protiv zakonskih odredbi, što nekim proizvođačima donosi financijsku dobit. Patvorenjem se mijenjaju svojstva i zdravstvena sigurnost izvornog proizvoda, čime se može nanijeti šteta potrošačima. Miješanje različitih vrsta mlijeka zakonski je dopušteno, a ponekad zbog svojstava proizvoda i poželjno. Međutim, problem nastaje kada konačni proizvod nije deklariran kao proizvod sastavljen od više vrsta mlijeka. Dodavanje nedeklariranih vrsta mlijeka npr. dodavanje kravljeg mlijeka, kao jeftinijeg, u ovčje i kozje mlijeko i njihove proizvode je najčešći način patvorenja mlijeka. U cilju izbjegavanja nedeklariranog dodavanja kravljeg mlijeka te zaštite potrošača, danas je sve češća praksa provjere autentičnosti proizvoda ispitivanjem njihovog sastava. Većina metoda za identifikaciju autentičnosti mliječnih proizvoda zasniva se na analizi glavnih proteina mlijeka pa se uglavnom koriste elektroforetske, kromatografske, spektroskopske i imunokemijske metode. Analitičke metode koje se zasnivaju na analizi proteina sirutke pouzdane su i točne za analizu mlijeka i sira koji nisu termički obrađeni, dok za termički obrađeno mlijeko i sir treba izabrati metode koje se zasnivaju na analizi kazeina. U našem radu je primijenjena i ispitana pouzdanost ELISA metoda za dokazivanje kravljeg imunoglobulin G (IgG) na mješavinama različitih vrsta mlijeka u eksperimentalnim uvjetima, nakon čega smo pokušali ustvrditi stvarno stanje na tržištu BiH u pogledu sadržaja nedeklariranih vrsta mlijeka, u uzorcima ovčjeg i kozjeg mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda na prisustvo kravljeg imunoglobulin G (IgG) kao parametra patvorenja istih. Uočeno je prisustvo kravljeg mlijeka skoro u polovini uzoraka kozjeg i ovčjeg mlijeka te u proizvodima od ovih vrsta mlijeka, a najveći broj pozitivnih uzoraka na prisustvo kravljeg mlijeka uočeno je u proizvodima od ovčjeg mlijeka.

BACKGROUND Boron and boron containing compounds are known for their biological and protective roles being non-toxic and non-mutagenic in low concentrations. Male rats were exposed to halogenated boroxine (HB), dipotassium-trioxohydroxytetrafluorotriborate K2[B3O3F4OH], a potential new boron-containing therapeutic, aiming to determine concentrations with no adverse effects on selected serum biochemical parameters and histomorphological features. METHODS HB was prepared by reacting potassium hydrofluoride (KHF2) with boric acid in molar ratios 2:3 at room temperature and its primary structure contains 4 fluorine atoms substituted in 6-membered ring. In concentrations of 10, 25, 35 and 45 mg/kg, HB was administered intraperitoneally as a single dose. Biochemical parameters were observed 24 and 96 h following the treatment. Effects of HB on biochemical blood parameters were also observed 24 h following continuous nine days application in concentrations of 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally and 50 mg/kg per os. Histomorphological observation of kidneys, liver, spleen, lungs and heart was performed for all treated animals. RESULTS Administration of single high dose of HB (35 mg/kg-45 mg/kg) effected high levels of urea and creatinine, which indicated renal injury that appeared to be temporary. Possible cause of concern is pancreatic injury indicated by elevated levels of serum amylase in the groups of animals that received the highest dosages of the substance. Histopathological examination of selected tissues revealed mild to moderate lesions in the kidneys and livers associated with administration of HB. CONCLUSION Observation of biochemical serum parameters or histopathology of examined tissues revealed no adverse effects of HB either after the administration of single dose lower than 35 mg/kg or following repeated administration at 10 mg/kg. These dosages should be further considered for potential therapeutic applications.

Introduction. Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a very dangerous infectious, acute, usually afebrile disease characterized by muscle spasms. The causative agent of the disease is bacteria Clostridium tetani. This bacteria produces a specific neurotoxin or tetanus toxin with two components: tetanospasmin and tetanolysin. Light chains of tetanospamine cleavage synaptobrevin, which in turn prevent release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA into the synaptic cleft. The α - motor neurons are, therefore, under no inhibitory control, as a result of which they undergo sustained excitatory discharge causing the characteristic motor spasms of tetanus. Materials and Methods. In this research, we attempted to normalize disorders caused by tetanus toxin by using haloperidol (at doses of 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 mg/kg b.w.), alone and in combination with (-)-nuciferine (at dose of 5 mg/kg b.w.) and aminooxyacetic acid (at dose of 20 mg/kg b.w.). Experiments were conducted on albino mice. Experimental tetanus was induced by application of tetanus toxin. Results and Conclusions. Application of haloperidol (alone and in combination with (-)-nuciferine and aminooxyacetic acid) was carried out 24 hours following the application of tetanus toxin. It was found that haloperidol, given alone in a dose of 4 mg/kg, prolonged the survival time of mice with experimental tetanus, about 24.35 hour compared to the control group. Thus, application of haloperidol in this dose showed to be the only effective method. Additionally, combination of haloperidol with (-)-nuciferine slightly extend survival time, while combination with aminooxyacetic acid produced the best effect on the extension of this period (about 27.74 hour compared to the control group).

in broiler’s small intestine. Investigation were carried out on isolated smooth muscle of the circular and longitudinal layer of the broilers small intestine (strip dimension 3-4 mm x 2 cm). The muscle strips were placed in an isolated organ bath. The mechanical activity of the preparations were recorded via an isotonic force transducer coupled to a pen recorder. This was done following the addition of serotonin (nonselective 5-HT agonist), 2-Me-5HT (5-HT3B agonist) and Y-25130-hydrochloride (selective 5-HT3B antagonist). The research established a presence of serotonergic 5HT3B type receptors within the smooth musculature of the small intestines of broilers (COBB 500). The 5HT3B type receptors were present in smooth muscles of duodenum, jejunum and ileum, especially in longitudinal smooth muscles since this layer reacted even to low serotonin concentration (10-6). Statistical tests of obtained results showed significant differences (p< 0.001) in responses related to muscle layers, applied concentrations and intestinal parts which were observed. In the light of these findings, we suggest that investigated substances may have considerable physiological and therapeutic implications in disturbed function of small intestine of broiler’s.