Ethno-genetic studies of prehistoric communities are present from the period of the renaissance antiquarians to the first moments of the modern science formation in the late nineteenth century. During this period in the archaeological research a full range of scientific tools for studying the chronological and typological aspects of material culture developed,and the most important step towards ethno-genetic discourse by forming the concept of archaeological cultures as methodological categories remained present in terms of archaeology is accomplished at the beginning of the XXI century. Archaeological culture is equated with ethnic communities, precisely historical categories. During the second half of the twentieth century in the former Yugoslavia under the influence of German methodological approach, question of the ethno-genetic  research has begun its peak from the First Congress  of archaeologists Yugoslavia in Niška Banja, and reached the peak of its development within the work of the Centre for Balkan Studies (CBI) of the Academyof Science and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. European archaeology has experienced a similar development and a loss of interest at the end of the twentieth century. By the S. Jones’ work The Archaeology of Ethnicity Constructing identities in the past and present studying ethno-genetic processes in Europe revived again. Within the re-actualization of this issuein the archaeological discourse the question of whether and under what methodological framework or integration with other sciences, opportunities for further development ethno-genetic research in the Western Balkans exists. In that sense, in terms ofmodern archaeology lays one of the most important issues of the relation between traditional archaeology and its interpretations towards problem of the integration with population’s genetics, as well as the traditional unanswered question of whether one archaeological culture at the same time represents a particular ethnic group.  

This paper presents the results of the preliminary archaeological excavation of the Visočica plateau made in februry 2017, not far from the protected zone of the National monument of Old Town of Visoki. The work took place in a collaboration of Regional museum in Visoko and Institute of archaeology from Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo with the aim of examining the archaeological potential of the site and identifying the spatial distribution of material on it. As a result, various archaeological material was discovered, dating from prehistoric period to middle ages.

The main goal of this article is to define fundamental mechanisms of identification and functioning of identity within prehistoric communities. In that sense the primary focus of the article is aimed on the identification mechanisms in Homer’s Illiad, and on defining the continuity or discontinuity of use of these mechanisms in works of later authors. By defining the functioning of the identification mechanisms, as well as its structure, observation of the relationship between identity and identity fluctuation within Homeric Greece communities becomes feasible. Additionally, it is possible to use these mechanisms to compare mentioned identities with known data relating the communities of the western Balkan region from the same chronological period. Based on the results of these comparations, there is an opportunity to observe and define/redefine more precisely term of archaeological culture itself, as well as previously defined Bronze and Iron Age cultures.

The aim of the article is to present the results of the prospection of the archaeological potential on the site of the national monument “Prehistoric settlement of Butmir, the archaeological site” done in 2016. In accordance with the afore mentioned, a brief description of the applied methodology used during the implementation of archaeological prospection is given, primarily of all the application of extensive (ETP) and intensive (ITP) field survey, as well as the use of test trenches and geological boreholes with the aim of obtaining results that would give more complete picture of distribution of the archaeological potential at the site of the national monument.

The question about beginning of archaeology in Bosnia and Herzegovina throughout traditional archaeological discourse, used to be observed as product of Austro-Hungarian westernisation of Ottoman Bosnia. If we look deeper, and pay attention to works of early eighteenth century and further, it apparently becomes clear that something in that interpretationwent wrong. It could be discussed about antiquarianism and archaeology its self, referring to interpretation of the beginning, but however that definition is unsustainable, because both existed from eighteenth century, and indisputable evidences are left in travel writers works and autochthonous population, as also in some state laws. Writing down their observationsXIX century explorers and travelers as Evans, Giljferding, Baltić, Lozić, Boué, Jukić and others, left important proofs of the interest in history, existence of, so called collectors, and in extremis, about some excavations and researches done in eighteenth and nineteenth century in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Giljferding wrote about being convinced by the story of some peasants about the rock and old signs on it, so in his works he gave insight into the knowledge and awareness of those people about past and its importance. Baltić wrote about excavations in search of the treasure, where besides mere people, official army took participation in such events. On the other side Evans participated in investigations, and looked at everydetail to find out and write down everything about the reviewed, and left us even his drawings. From the other side, Jukić worked and lived in Bosnia, and was among the first ones to encourage people to look after antiquities and keep it well, and tried to influence their conscience about the importance of it trough his petitions, giving the idea of the foundation of the firstBosnian Museum, starting from making his own collection repurchasing antiquities. Beside this works, at the same time government was bringing different laws about the protection of antiquities and monument in Bosnia and Herzegovina. One of those was the law brought at the year 1869, consisting of 7 paragraphs about collecting, exploring and preserving antiquities,that was brought independently, 4 years before Austro-Hungarian epoch, and 5 years before the official government in Ottoman empire. Parallel to it, founding pressrooms has provided people to easily get news about archaeology, and therefore to get more familiar and interested into the subject. At the and it is still intriguing, and probably will stay unsolved, thefact about negligence of some very obvious witnesses of the existence of archaeology in Bosnia and Herzegovina, from early nineteenth century, the latest.  

Purpose Incomplete reperfusion after mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is associated with a poor outcome. Rescue therapy would potentially benefit some patients with an expanded treatment in cerebral ischemia score (eTICI) 2b50/2b67 reperfusion but also harbors increased risks. The relative benefits of eTICI 2c/3 over eTICI 2b50/67 in clinically important subpopulations were analyzed. Methods Retrospective analysis of our institutional database for all patients with occlusion of the intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) or the M1/M2 segment undergoing MT and final reperfusion of ≥eTICI 2b50 (903 patients). The heterogeneity in subgroups of different time metrics, age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), number of retrieval attempts, Alberta Stroke Programme Early CT Score (ASPECTS) and site of occlusion using interaction terms (p i ) was analyzed. Results The presence of eTICI 2c/3 was associated with better outcomes in most subgroups. Time metrics showed no interaction of eTICI 2c/3 over eTICI 2b50/2b67 and clinical outcomes (onset to reperfusion p i  = 0.77, puncture to reperfusion p i  = 0.65, onset to puncture p i  = 0.63). An eTICI 2c/3 had less consistent association with mRS ≤2 in older patients (>82 years, p i  = 0.038) and patients with either lower NIHSS (≤9) or very high NIHSS (>19, p i  = 0.01). Regarding occlusion sites, the beneficial effect of eTICI 2c/3 was absent for occlusions in the M2 segments (aOR 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.33–1.59, p i  = 0.018). Conclusion Beneficial effect of eTICI 2c/3 over eTICI 2b50/2b67 only decreased in older patients, M2-occlusions and patients with either low or very high NIHSS. Improving eTICI 2b50/2b67 to eTICI 2c/3 in those subgroups may be more often futile.

The order Accipitriformes comprises the largest group of birds of prey with 260 species in four families. So far, 21 haemosporidian parasite species have been described from or reported to occur in accipitriform birds. Only five of these parasite species have been characterized molecular genetically. The first part of this study involved molecular genetic screening of accipitriform raptors from Austria and Bosnia-Herzegovina and the first chromogenic in situ hybridization approach targeting parasites in this host group. The aim of the second part of this study was to summarize the CytB sequence data of haemosporidian parasites from accipitriform raptors and to visualize the geographic and host distribution of the lineages. Blood and tissue samples of 183 accipitriform raptors from Austria and Bosnia-Herzegovina were screened for Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon parasites by nested PCR, and tissue samples of 23 PCR-positive birds were subjected to chromogenic in situ hybridization using genus-specific probes targeting the parasites’ 18S rRNAs. All published CytB sequence data from accipitriform raptors were analysed, phylogenetic trees were calculated, and DNA haplotype network analyses were performed with sequences from clades featuring multiple lineages detected in this host group. Of the 183 raptors from Austria and Bosnia-Herzegovina screened by PCR and sequencing, 80 individuals (44%) were infected with haemosporidian parasites. Among the 39 CytB lineages detected, 18 were found for the first time in the present study. The chromogenic in situ hybridization revealed exo-erythrocytic tissue stages of Leucocytozoon parasites belonging to the Leucocytozoon toddi species group in the kidneys of 14 infected birds. The total number of CytB lineages recorded in accipitriform birds worldwide was 57 for Leucocytozoon, 25 for Plasmodium, and 21 for Haemoproteus. The analysis of the DNA haplotype networks allowed identifying numerous distinct groups of lineages, which have not yet been linked to morphospecies, and many of them likely belong to yet undescribed parasite species. Tissue stages of Leucocytozoon parasites developing in accipitriform raptors were discovered and described. The majority of Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus lineages are specific to this host group, but most Plasmodium lineages were found in birds of other orders. This might indicate local transmission from birds kept at the same facilities (raptor rescue centres and zoos), likely resulting in abortive infections. To clarify the taxonomic and systematic problems, combined morphological and molecular genetic analyses on a wider range of accipitriform host species are needed.

Background The order Accipitriformes comprises the largest group of birds of prey with 260 species in four families. So far, 21 haemosporidian parasite species have been described from or reported to occur in accipitriform birds. Only five of these parasite species have been characterized molecular genetically. The first part of this study involved molecular genetic screening of accipitriform raptors from Austria and Bosnia-Herzegovina and the first chromogenic in situ hybridization approach targeting parasites in this host group. The aim of the second part of this study was to summarize the CytB sequence data of haemosporidian parasites from accipitriform raptors and to visualize the geographic and host distribution of the lineages. Methods Blood and tissue samples of 183 accipitriform raptors from Austria and Bosnia-Herzegovina were screened for Plasmodium , Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon parasites by nested PCR, and tissue samples of 23 PCR-positive birds were subjected to chromogenic in situ hybridization using genus-specific probes targeting the parasites’ 18S rRNAs. All published CytB sequence data from accipitriform raptors were analysed, phylogenetic trees were calculated, and DNA haplotype network analyses were performed with sequences from clades featuring multiple lineages detected in this host group. Results Of the 183 raptors from Austria and Bosnia-Herzegovina screened by PCR and sequencing, 80 individuals (44%) were infected with haemosporidian parasites. Among the 39 CytB lineages detected, 18 were found for the first time in the present study. The chromogenic in situ hybridization revealed exo-erythrocytic tissue stages of Leucocytozoon parasites belonging to the Leucocytozoon toddi species group in the kidneys of 14 infected birds. The total number of CytB lineages recorded in accipitriform birds worldwide was 57 for Leucocytozoon , 25 for Plasmodium , and 21 for Haemoproteus . Conclusion The analysis of the DNA haplotype networks allowed identifying numerous distinct groups of lineages, which have not yet been linked to morphospecies, and many of them likely belong to yet undescribed parasite species. Tissue stages of Leucocytozoon parasites developing in accipitriform raptors were discovered and described. The majority of Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus lineages are specific to this host group, but most Plasmodium lineages were found in birds of other orders. This might indicate local transmission from birds kept at the same facilities (raptor rescue centres and zoos), likely resulting in abortive infections. To clarify the taxonomic and systematic problems, combined morphological and molecular genetic analyses on a wider range of accipitriform host species are needed.

Studies indicate the complex nature of the genetic structure of the European Roma which has been shaped by different effects of their demographic history, while preserving their ancestral Indian origin. The primary aims of this study were to present for the first time the paternal profiles of the Roma from Bosnia and Herzegovina based on the data from Y‐chromosome STR loci, identify the components of non‐Roma paternal gene flow into the Roma, and evaluate the genetic relationships with other European Roma populations.

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal present in atmosphere, rocks, sediments, and soils without a known role in plants. It is relatively mobile and can easily enter from soil into groundwater and contaminate the food chain. Its presence in food in excess amounts may cause severe conditions in humans, therefore prevention of cadmium entering the food chain and its removal from contaminated soils are important steps in preserving public health. In the last several years, several approaches for Cd remediation have been proposed, such as the use of soil amendments or biological systems for reduction of Cd contamination. One of the approaches is phytoremediation, which involves the use of plants for soil clean-up. In this review we summarized current data on the use of different plants in phytoremediation of Cd as well as information about different approaches which have been used to enhance phytoremediation. This includes data on the increasing metal bioavailability in the soil, plant biomass, and plant accumulation capacity as well as seed priming as a promising novel approach for phytoremediation enhancing.

Tetraspanins (Tspans) comprise a membrane protein family structurally defined by four transmembrane domains and intracellular N and C termini that is found in almost all cell types and tissues of eukaryotes. Moreover, they are involved in a bewildering multitude of diverse biological processes such as cell adhesion, motility, protein trafficking, signaling, proliferation, and regulation of the immune system. Beside their physiological roles, they are linked to many pathophysiological phenomena, including tumor progression regulation, HIV-1 replication, diabetes, and hepatitis. Tetraspanins are involved in the formation of extensive protein networks, through interactions not only with themselves but also with numerous other specific proteins, including regulatory proteins in the central nervous system (CNS). Interestingly, recent studies showed that Tspan7 impacts dendritic spine formation, glutamatergic synaptic transmission and plasticity, and that Tspan6 is correlated with epilepsy and intellectual disability (formerly known as mental retardation), highlighting the importance of particular tetraspanins and their involvement in critical processes in the CNS. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of tetraspanin functions in the brain, with a particular focus on their impact on glutamatergic neurotransmission. In addition, we compare available resolved structures of tetraspanin family members to those of auxiliary proteins of glutamate receptors that are known for their modulatory effects.