Background: The most comon patohistologi-cal finding in primary hyperparathyroidism is adenoma of the parathyroid gland, followed by hyperplasia and the rarest is carcinoma. However, hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands (PTG) is most commonly found in secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Objective: To determine the relationship between the localization of the parathyroid glands and pathological diagnosis, as well as the prevalence of individual pathological diagnosis after surgery in patients with hyperparathyroidism. Methods: Analysis of retrospective-prospective database of 79 patiens who underwent parathyreoid-ectomy for hyperparathyroidism in the 7-year study period. Diagnostic methods were used to identify enlarged parathyroid glands as well as to determine their localization: ultrasound examination, scintigraphy and operative finding. Standard hematoxylin eosin staining was used for pathohistological diagnosis. A correlation analysis between parathyroid gland localization and pathohistological diagnosis was performed. Results: The median age of the patients were 51 age (range 20-73) and 67,1% of the patients were female. In the total number of surgically removed parathyroid glands (182), the most common pathohistological diagnosis was hyperplasia. Parathyroid adenoma was found in 21 cases. Other diagnoses (thyroid nodule / tissue, lymph node, thymus, cancer) were found in 11 cases, while a normal finding was found in 12 glands. Pathohistological diagnosis of hyperplasia and adenoma were more common in the lower parathyroid glands. Using the chisquare test, no association was found between pathohistological diagnosis and localization of enlarged parathyroid glands. Conclusion: The most common pathohistological diagnosis in hyperparathyroidism was hyperplasia and was most commonly found in the inferior parathyroid glands. Adenoma as pathohistological diagnosis is also most commonly found in the lower parathyroid glands, but without statistical significance.

: As the population grows, more food is needed to keep the food supply chain running smoothly. For many years, intensive farming systems have been used to meet this need. Currently, due to intense climate change and other global natural problems, there is a shift towards sustainable use of natural resources and simplified methods of tillage. Soil tillage intensity influences the distribution of nutrients, and soil’s physical and mechanical properties, as well as gas flows. The impact of reduced tillage on these indices in spring barley cultivation is still insufficient and requires more analysis on a global scale. This study was carried out at Vytautas Magnus University, Agriculture Academy (Lithuania) in 2022–2023. The aim of the investigation was to determine the effect of the tillage systems on the soil temperature, moisture content, CO 2 respiration and concentration in spring barley cultivation. Based on a long-term tillage experiment, five tillage systems were tested: deep and shallow moldboard ploughing, deep cultivation-chiseling, shallow cultivation-chiseling, and no tillage Shallow plowing technology has been found to better conserve soil moisture and maintain higher temperatures in most cases. During almost the entire study period, the spring barley crop with deep cultivation had lower moisture content and lower soil temperature. Shallow cultivation fields in most cases increased CO 2 emissions and CO 2 concentration. When applying direct sowing to the uncultivated soil (10–20 cm), the concentration of CO 2 decreased from 0.01 to 0.148 percent. pcs. The results show that in direct sowing fields, most cases had a positive effect on crop density. Direct sowing fields resulted in significantly lower, from 7.9 to 26.5%, grain yields of spring barley in the years studied.

: Enhancing soil fertility and maize productivity is crucial for sustainable agriculture. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of tillage practices, nitrogen management strategies, and acidified hydrochar on soil fertility and maize productivity. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with split-split plot arrangement and four replications. Main plots received shallow tillage and deep tillage. Subplots were treated with nitrogen (120 kg ha − 1 ) from farmyard manure (FYM) and urea, including control, 33% FYM + 67% urea (M U ), and 80% FYM + 20% urea (M F ). Acidified hydrochar treatments H 0 (no hydrochar) and H 1 (with hydrochar, 2 t ha − 1 ) were applied to sub-sub plots. Deep tillage significantly increased plant height, biological yield, grain yield, ear length, grains ear − 1 , thousand-grain weight, and nitrogen content compared to shallow tillage. M U and M F improved growth parameters and yield over the control. Hydrochar effects varied; H 1 enhanced yield components and soil properties such as soil organic matter and nitrogen availability compared to H 0 . Canonical discriminant analysis linked deep tillage and M U /M F nitrogen management with improved yield and soil characteristics. In conclusion, deep tillage combined with integrated nitrogen management enhances maize productivity and soil properties. These findings highlight the importance of selecting appropriate tillage and nitrogen strategies for sustainable maize production along with hydrochar addition. These insights guide policymakers, agronomists, and agricultural extension services in adopting evidence-based strategies for sustainable agriculture, enhancing food production, and mitigating environmental impacts. The implication of this study suggests to undertake long-term application of hydrochar for further clarification and validation.

What distinguishes the AGI approach from the initial, supposedly equally idealistic and holistic, AI approach? Why do we think that we could make any progress in our recent times? The answer to these questions is not clear