BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Developmental process that leads to final forebrain shaping is a result of complex histogenetic and morphogenetic events. Comprehensions about brain development are based on observations carried out on onthogenetic successive stages. Microscopic analysis of brain together with analysis of serial sections gives information about shape the of some forebrain parts and basic relations between them. The aim of this study was to analyse morphogenesis in the earliest stages of rat's forebrain development. MATERIAL AND METHODS Rat brains used in this study were obtained from Fisher inbred rats with accurately timed pregnancies. The investigation was carried out on serial frontal sections of rat embryonic heads from the 12th (E12) to the 16th (E16) day of gestation. Gestation was considered to have begun early in the morning when sperm was found in the vaginal smear. Histological paraffin and plastic sections were systematically inspected with regard to morphogenetic changes of the forebrain parts telencephalon and diencephalon. RESULTS E12: neural tube is completely closed in its cranial part. Rostral part of forebrain shows telencephalons vesicles origins as slightly paired enlargements of neuroepithelial wall. Between telencephalic vesicles origin and in direction to caudal there is an origin of diencephalon. E13: rostral part of forebrain shows well expressed and divided areas of telencephalons vesicles as basal, basolateral, dorsal and medial telencephalon. Central area between paired vesicles is a telencephalon impar. In diencephalon optic vesicles appeared. Epithalamus, thalamus and hypothalamus origins are slight enlargements of its neuroepithelial wall. E14: telencephalic vesicles spread above telencephalon impar into rostral direction and above diencephalon in rostrodorsal direction. Their basolateral parts of are very thickened and become folded. Sulcus telodiencephalicus appears. E15: the main event is the appearance of the origins of plexus choroideus in the area of telencephalon impar as fingerlike processes. E16: all forebrain parts, especially telencephalic vesicles-origin of brain hemispheres and processes of plexus choroideus, are progressively growing and shaping. CONCLUSIONS Our morphologic analysis describes significant morphogenetic changes in the forebrain shape. The forebrain changes from a relatively simple tubular structure with thin walls surrounding a large ventricular system to a thick-walled brain with a highly convoluted but reduced ventricular system.

Cervical and breast cancer are usually type of tumor that are found among women in fertile age in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Final goal was to establish frequency of risk factors that are responsible for development of those types of cancer as well as establish possibility of prevention, according to the existence of each risk factor. Research was conducted through out surveys among women which were selected by accident. The amount of questioned women is 200, and out of that number 70 (35%) were out of rural environment, 130 (65%) were from urban environment which led to statistic- processed information. Variables that were defining our interviews were: age, marital status, education level, stay during the war in B&H, number of given birth, consistency of gynecological examinations, changes that were found during the medical (gynecological) examination, number of sexual partners, usage of contraception, existence of sexual infections, usage of tobacco, existence of genetic factor. The most important fact is that over 50% of interviewees do not visit gynecologist, and that the gynecological infections are frequent. Usage of tobacco is in high percent founded among interviewees from urban environment (85%).

OBJECTIVE examine detrusor contraction duration (DCD) in relation with obstruction grade and strength of detrusor contractility; analyze individual correlations of this parameter with urodynamic, physiological and symptoms variables in patients with benign prostatic enlargement (BPE). SAMPLE AND METHODOLOGY 102 patients with proved BPE, underwent complete urodynamic measurements (UDM), namely uroflowmetry, cystometry and pressure/flow studies. Postvoid residual urine (PVR) was measured and the International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS) was fulfilled by each patient. Methodology of measurement and definitions of UDM are based on definitions and terminology defined by the International Continence Society. RESULTS After grouping the patients (average age 64,7+/-8,5) related to obstruction grades according to the Schafer nomogram, ANOVA has shown a group extension of the detrusor contraction duration related to higher levels of obstruction (LinPURR 0-VI; p<0,01), which is also followed by stronger detrusor contractility (Pdetmax; p<0,001). Dichotomizing of the patients with DCD cut off point 90 sec. has shown that 67% patients with underactive detrusor have DCD>90 sec, while extension of DCD and increase of the obstruction level are directly related to preserved detrusor contractility only in 20,5% cases. There is neither statistically significant difference of DCD in the patients that are not in obstruction allocated in two groups depending on detrusor contraction strength, (t=1.2, p>0.05); nor in the patients who are in obstruction range, divided on the same way (t=0.568, p>0.05). There is also no difference of the same patients groups regarding PVR (t=1.38 and t=1.17, p>0.05). Individual correlation of DCD with I-PSS has not been shown (r=0.16, p>0.05), although there is a statistically significant correlation with its obstructive subset (r=0.20, p<0.05), as well as, with LinPUR and URA nomograms (r=0.33, r=0.29; respectively, p<0.005) and with Pdetmax (r=0.26, p<0.01), PdetQmax (r=0.24, p<0.05), Qmax and Qaver (r=0.31, p<0.005). DCD does not have individual correlations with patients' age, prostate volume and with cystometric capacity. CONCLUSION DCD is rather independent urodynamical variable, which does not correlate with I-PSS. Generally, DCD is prolonged during obstruction, while extension of DCD only partially depends on detrusor contraction strength. Practically, individual correlations of DCD with the urodynamic factors, which characterize obstructions, are modest.

This study encompassed 64 participants with symptoms of low back pain, 33 in McKenzie group and 31 in Brunkow group. Patients attended exercise program daily and they were asked to do the same exercise at home--five times a day in series of 5 to 10 repetition each time, depending of stage of disease and pain intensity. All patients were assessed for the spinal motion, before and after the treatment. All parameters for spinal movements showed improvement after exercising McKenzie program for lower back pain with a significant difference of p<0.01 for all motions. Also, in Brunkow group, all of the parameters showed statistically significant improvement at the end of treatment in relation to pre-treatment values, with significant difference of p<0.01 for all motions. Statistically comparison between McKenzie and Brunkow difference in score at the end of the treatment showed statistically significant improvement in McKenzie group, for extension, right and left side flexion, while flexion score didn't show statistically significant difference. McKenzie exercises seemed to be more effective than Brunkow exercises for improvement in spinal motion. Both, McKenzie and Brunkow exercises can be used for spinal mobility improvement in patients with lower back pain, but is preferable to use McKenzie exercises first, to decrease the pain and increase spinal mobility, and then Brunkow exercises to strengthen the paravertebral muscles.

Deiscencia de sutura em anastomose intestinal e a principal complicacao depois da cirurgia. Independentemente das melhoriasnas tecnicas cirurgicas, os vazamentos na anastomose colonica frequentemente ocorrem, resultando em alta morbidade emortalidade, principalmente quando nao e possivel o preparo intestinal. Este trabalho teve como finalidade testar a submucosade intestino delgado de suino, conservada em glicerina, como protetor intraluminal (PIL) de anastomoses colonicas em caes.Foram operadas 16 cadelas adultas, com peso medio de 13,8 kg, que foram distribuidas em tres grupos: um grupo controlecom seis animais, e dois grupos de teste, sendo um composto de seis e o outro de quatro animais. A comparacao entre osgrupos teste e controle envolveu a mensuracao do tempo cirurgico e, no pos-operatorio, avaliacao clinica, colonoscopica e dobolo fecal. Nao houve diferenca significativa entre os tempos cirurgicos. Nao houve alteracao clinica relevante em nenhum dosanimais, nem diferenca entre os exames colonoscopicos dos grupos controle e teste. Fundamentando-se nos resultados,conclui-se que o protetor intraluminal nao causa danos a anastomose e este permanece fixado a submucosa por um periodode tres dias (periodo critico da cicatrizacao colonica), podendo, entao, ser considerado uma nova, facil e barata tecnica deprotecao intraluminal.

We associate a Taylor tower supplied by the calculus of the embedding functor to the space of long knots and study its cohomology spectral sequence. The combinatorics of the spectral sequence along the line of total degree zero leads to chord diagrams with relations as in finite type knot theory. We show that the spectral sequence collapses along this line and that the Taylor tower represents a universal finite type knot invariant.