Background: Antibodies are key elements in the fight against diseases, including Covid-19. The pandemic is still ongoing, and Long Covid is a challenge due to the unclear chronic course of the disease. Objective: To analyze the antibody profile and coagulation status in patients who recovered from Covid-19 and developed symptoms of Long Covid, with a focus on D-dimer as an indicator of thromboembolic complications. Methods: The subjects are patients of the family medicine clinic who had an acute form of Covid-19 and after 3 months developed symptoms of Long Covid. The level of IgG and IgM antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was regularly monitored during the acute form of the pandemic, and then also when symptoms of the chronic course appeared. The control group consists of patients who have recovered from the acute form of the disease without symptoms of Long Covid. Antibody analysis will provide insight into the diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic value of antibody titer determination. Results: The occurrence of elevated levels of IGM and D-dimer were significantly increased in patients with various symptoms of Long Covid. Monitoring of IgG and IgM antibodies can be of key importance in the diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of Long Covid, and D-dimer for the diagnosis of vascular disorders and the detection of patients at risk for thromboembolic complications. In the practice of family medicine, but also in many specialist protocols, the importance of assessing the immune response when symptoms of Long Covid appear is neglected. Conclusion: Given the complex clinical picture of Long Covid, most doctors, regardless of specialty, must acquire knowledge and skills for diagnosis and treatment of Long Covid symptoms. It is necessary to create guides that can be supplemented with new discoveries, especially in the field of human immune defense against new virus variants and new forms of Long Covid.

Frontier capital markets are a specific category within emerging markets, characterized by lower market capitalization, liquidity, and fewer investment constraints. These markets do not offer opportunities for investment and their functionality for companies to finance their future endeavors is not efficient. This paper offers a comprehensive examination of smart contracts, including their functioning principles, prevalent platforms, and uses. Consequently, it suggests a model for a junior stock market that utilizes blockchainsupported smart contracts. The model gives a framework for organizing the Junior stock exchange segment in frontier capital markets by offering a new fundraising method for SMEs. Application of this model simplifies the entry of smaller companies, allowing them to enter the market without regular trading requirements. Therefore, shift in financial instrument supply and alternative financing for young companies can boost market liquidity and capital mobilization. Blockchain technology ensures transparency and strengthens market confidence.

The main objectives of this study were to 1) assess the following quantitative urban green space (UGS) indicators: share of UGS, total UGS per capita, and the public UGS per capita for Sarajevo and its corresponding municipalities; 2) propose the minimum area of UGS per capita and the minimum functional UGS area per capita; and 3) discuss the methodological approach used and its applicability and relevance for UGS quantity and quality assessment. UGSs were photo-interpreted based on or-thophotos and Google Satellite images and mapped manually. The total UGS area for Sarajevo is 58.5 km², with continuous green spaces present in hilly and mountainous areas of the city, whereas more built-up zones are present in flat areas. The total public UGS per capita is 28.0 m², or 9.8 m² if forest parks are excluded. The results can help in better understanding UGSs in Sarajevo and can serve as a reference for decisionmakers and policymakers.

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Background: Urgent surgical treatment of bleeding gastric and duodenal ulcer is indicated in cases where there is no treatment by an interventional gastroenterologist and radiologist readily available, or there is no satisfactory response to the applied interventional procedure. Objective: The aim of our study is to show that there is the still large number of patients with massive bleeding gastric or duodenal ulcers who had to undergo emergency surgery, in order to achieve hemostasis, provide survival analisys, and to present a methode of the surgical procedure which we perfomed. Methods: This study analysed 49 patients in the period of 5 years (2013-2018), who underwent emergency surgery due to bleeding ulcer. All patients had one or more gastroscopies in order to stop the bleeding, which were ineffective. Surgical treatments which are used in managing ulcer bleedings depended on the localization of the lesion and how severe the bleeding is. Indicated treatment is direct compression of a bleeding blood vessel (ulcer niche), truncal vagotomy, pyloroplasty, gastroduodenal artery ligature, ligature of the right gastroepiploic artery. Resection procedures were performed as well: antrectomy, proximal, subtotal and total gastrectomy. All surgical treatments aimed to preserve the patients of gastrointestinal tract where such an approach could be carried out. Results: There were total of 49 patients who underwent surgical treatment of bleeding ulcer of which 31 are male (63,27%) and 18 are female (36,73%). The survival was 38,78% (19 patients); mortality 61,22% (30 patients). The most common surgical treatment was direct suture of a bleeding vessel with a ligature of the gastroduodenal and right gastroepiploic artery. When we observe the results of resection procedures subtotal gastrectomy was most commonly used. Surgical procedure performed were bilateral vagotomy, ligature of gastroduodenal and right gastroepiploic artery if the ulcer is localized in the antral, pyloric or duodenal region and not penetrating showed that there is no need for gastrotomy/duodenotomy and direct suturing of the bleeding vessel significantly reduces operative procedure, and saves the patient from additional surgical trauma and allows the desired hemostasis. In 5-10% of patients with bleeding ulcers, emergency surgery is indicated due to massive bleeding and hemorrhagic shock and then surgery is the only chance of survival. The primary goal of any surgery for bleeding ulcer is to establish bleeding control. massive ulcer bleeding. All these patients did not have the opportunity to avoid surgery and stop the bleeding with the treatment of an interventional gastroenterologist and radiologist. Survival is 38.78%, mortality is still high 61.22% but it is encouraging that without the application of surgical treatment it would be 100% in this group of patients. Conclusion: Regardless of the risk posed by surgical treatment of a bleeding ulcer, it still brings the patient the only chance for life in cases when the interventional radiological and gastroenterological approach has failed or been disabled. Surgical treatment of bleeding ulcer in cases when the gastroenterological and radiological approach is insufficient or disabled - Single center experience.

Background/Aim: The placenta is an extraembryonic organ necessary for foetal development. Due to its availability and high content of stem cells and growth factors, placenta tissue has found its application in regenerative medicine. The aim of this paper was to determine whether the age of the pregnant woman or the gestational age affects the morphology of the term placenta and whether placentas of advanced maternal age are suitable for application in regenerative medicine. Methods: In this research 30 placentas of healthy pregnant women, aged from 18 to 42 years and from 36 up to 41 weeks of gestational age were used for analyses. Tissue samples were stained with standard haematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining with anti-CD34 antibody. The parameters of volume density of chorionic villi, intervillous spaces and fibrinoids, as well as the thickness of the placental barrier were determined. Results: The volume densities of chorionic villi and fibrinoids were higher in placentas of advanced maternal age, as well as in placentas of gestational age from 38 to 41 weeks of gestation, while the volume of intervillous spaces was lower in these groups. With increased maternal and gestation age, the placental membrane thickens. Conclusion: When sampling placentas for regenerative medicine purposes, only the placentas from pregnant women younger than 35 years of age and whose gestational age are not exceeding 38 weeks should be selected.

The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is important in supply chain management as it optimizes goods and services delivery to customers, resulting in improved organizational productivity. This study introduces an innovative hybrid methodology integrating the Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approach with Clarke and Wright’s savings algorithm to tackle the capacitated vehicle routing problem. In addition to the conventional aim of optimizing truck routes, this strategy considers customer satisfaction. The initial step involves clustering all customers through the utilization of Clarke and Wright’s savings algorithm, which efficiently organizes customers into groups based on their geographical closeness. Following this, the hybrid Best-Worst Method (BWM) and Ranking Alternatives For Similarity to Ideal Solution (RAFSI) method are utilized to allocate the best routes and establish customer prioritization. The major objective of this study is to reduce overall transportation expenses while ensuring compliance with vehicle capacity limitations, aiming to improve customer satisfaction. The proposed approach seeks to balance cost-efficiency and customer-centricity in vehicle routing by including customer prioritizing and Clarke and Wright’s savings algorithm. The effectiveness and practical application of the proposed methodology are demonstrated through a case in the food industry. The obtained results using the proposed methodology give a more precise platform for decision-making and highlight its relevance for enhancing supply chain performance and addressing the intricate challenges associated with the capacitated vehicle routing problem. The hybrid technique presented in this study provides a comprehensive framework for effectively tackling the intricate challenges associated with the capacitated vehicle routing problem.

Background: The incidence of HF following ACS remains unacceptably high at discharge and several identified risk factors contribute to the development of HF in this context. Objective: This study investigated the prevalence and clinical significance of HF in patients admitted to the Clinic for Heart, Blood Vessels, and Rheumatic Diseases at the Clinical Center of the University of Sarajevo following ACS. Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted at the Clinic for Heart, Blood Vessels, and Rheumatic Diseases of the Clinical Center of the University of Sarajevo between February 1st and April 1st, 2023, involving patients who were admitted because of ACS. Results: Patients with HFrEF were significantly (p=0.034) older (70.0 (62.0;76.0) vs 67.0 (57.5;75.0)), had (p=0.046) higher median score of LDH (321.5 (222.3; 501.5) vs. 256.0 (200.0; 420.0)), fibrinogen (p=0.047) (4.5 (3.2; 5.1) vs 3.6 (2.8; 5.0)), and NT-proBNP (p<0.001) (3705.0 (2500.0; 12559.5) vs. 500.0 (275.0; 333.0)), had enlarged left atrium diameter (3.9 (3.4; 4.4) vs 3.6 (3.1; 4.1)), enlarged left ventricular diameter both in diastole (5.1 (4.5; 5.8) vs 4.6 (4.1; 5.1)) and systole (3.7 (3.2; 4.1) vs 3.5 (3.1; 3.7)), thinner interventricular septum diameter both in diastole (1.1 (1.0; 1.2) vs 1.2 (1.1; 1.3)) and systole (1.3 (1.2; 1.5) vs. 1.4 (1.3; 1.5)) and elevated right ventricular systolic pressure (37.0 (30.0; 47.5) vs. 35.0 (28.0; 40.0 )) compared to patients without HFrEF. Severe mitral regurgitation was more observed in group of patients with HFrEF (p<0.001). Conclusion: HFrEF patients showed a 40% incidence of post-ACS, had elevated LDH, fibrinogen, and NT-proBNP levels, along with distinct echocardiographic differences, including enlarged heart chambers and higher mitral regurgitation rates following ACS. Early HF risk factor management is crucial for optimizing outcomes in ACS patients.

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The agriculture sector in the Republic of Serbia holds significant economic and social importance due to its substantial contribution to domestic gross domestic product (GDP) and employment of a large number of people. Agricultural products play a crucial role in Serbia's export structure. Food is one of Serbia's major export products, with a trade surplus steadily increasing since 2005. Fruit cultivation, as part of the agricultural sector, is of great importance, with domestic producers effectively utilizing natural advantages for production, thus achieving recognition and competitiveness internationally. This study aims to analyze the trends in foreign trade parameters over a decade, focusing on one agricultural product, specifically apricots. The research employs a quantitative research method using standard descriptive statistical instruments. Results indicate that Serbia maintains a trade surplus in apricots, with significant fluctuations and varying growth and decline trends in analyzed trade parameters over the period.