A biotecnologia tem proporcionado grandes avancos ao melhoramento genetico. Neste sentido, objetivou-se abordar contextos atuais das dinâmicas institucional, organizacionais e tecnologicas nas quais os Organismos Geneticamente Modificados se inserem. A preocupacao inicial foi relatar as tecnologias utilizadas para producao sustentavel, e as modificacoes geneticas da cana-de-acucar para a producao de biodiesel. Para isso, foi utilizada a tecnologia do DNA recombinante, que permite isolar, preparar, manipular e estudar pequenos segmentos de DNA, e tem sido amplamente usada para tornar resistentes aos herbicidas, certas culturas comercialmente importantes. A transformacao genica permite transferir o gene de interesse atraves de metodos naturais, como a Agrobacterium tumefaciens, ou metodos fisicos e diretos como a eletroporacao e a biobalistica. A producao do biodiesel e uma opcao alternativa que permitiria contornar a escassez de petroleo, pois e constituido de carbono neutro. No entanto, utilizar a biotecnologia para aperfeicoar o processo de producao de biodiesel, requer atencao visando o controle de possiveis riscos para o ambiente e o equilibrio biologico. Com base nessa revisao da literatura, podemos concluir que ainda existem poucos estudos conclusivos, sobre o melhoramento genetico da cana-de-acucar na producao de biodiesel, e que estudos futuros sao necessarios para validar o processo.

Numerous projects in the area of Real-World Internet (RWI), Internet of Things (IoT), and Internet Connected Objects have proposed architectures for the systems they develop. All of these systems are faced with very similar problems in their architecture and design and interoperability among these systems is limited. To address these issues and to speed up development and deployment while at the same time reduce development and maintenance costs, reference architectures are an appropriate tool. As reference architectures require agreement among all stakeholders, they are usually developed in an incremental process. This paper presents the current status of our work on a reference architecture for the RWI as an architectural blueprint.

The main role in air/fuel mixture formation at the IC Diesel engines has the energy introduced by fuel into the IC engine that is the characteristics of spraying fuel into the combustion chamber. The characteristic can be defined by the spray length, the spray cone angle, and the physical and chemical structure of fuel spray by different sections. Having in mind very complex experimental set-ups for researching in this field, the mentioned characteristics are mostly analyzed by calculations. There are two methods in the literature. The first based on use of the semi-empirical expressions (correlations) and the second, the calculations of spray characteristics by use of very complex mathematical methods. The second method is dominant in the modern literature. The main disadvantage of the calculation methods is a correct definition of real state at the end of the nozzle orifice (real boundary conditions). The majority of the researchers in this field use most frequently the coefficient of total losses inside the injector. This coefficient depends on injector design, as well as depends on the level of fuel energy and fuel energy transformation along the injector. Having in mind the importance of the real boundary conditions, the complex methods for calculation of the fuel spray characteristics should have the calculation of fuel flows inside the injector and the calculation of spray characteristics together. This approach is a very complex numerical problem and there are no existing computer programs with satisfactory calculation results. Analysis of spray characteristics by use of the semi-empirical expressions (correlations) is presented in this paper. The special attention is dedicated to the analysis of the constant in the semi-empirical expressions and influence parameters on this constant. Also, the method for definition of realistic boundary condition at the end of the nozzle orifice is presented in the paper. By use of this method completely avoid a use of the coefficient of total losses inside the injector. At the same time, semi-empirical expressions have the universal constant that does not depend on the injector design.