Solutions of AlCl3 were analyzed at concentrations from 0.03 to 5.0 mmol dm-3 and pH from 3.5 to 6.0 using an electrospray ionization quadrupole mass spectrometer (ESI-Q-MS). Mass spectral data were compared with those obtained by 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and potentiometry. Hydrolytic aluminum species were present in solution mainly as +1 positively charged complexes with n coordinated water molecules (n = 1-3). Analysis revealed that polymeric complexes of +2 and +3 charges (at higher Al concentrations and pH > 4) contained coordinated chloride ions. The general appearance of the mass spectra is dependent on instrumental parameters such as solvent flow rate, ionization source temperature and cone and capillary voltages. Thus, fine tuning of the instrument with respect to these parameters was performed. Sample cone voltages not exceeding 50 V led to the best agreement between potentiometric, 27Al NMR and mass spectral data.

UDK 631.416/.417:630*114(497.6) Elemental composition of the surface soil layers has a direct effect on soil productivity and an important role in the quality of the terrestrial ecosystems. Herein, soil has the function of a geochemical sink and natural buffer, controlling the release of contaminants to hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biota. Vertical distribution of HNO3 pressure digested concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Mn, P, S, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn is determined in three rather common soil types: Cambisol, Dystric, Cambisol, Eutric and Fluvisol in central part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Site differences, with the reference to soil parent material, dominantly influenced element distribution and accumulation. In addition to land-use, forest seedling production influenced significant (p<0.05) decrease of Ca in Ajdinovići, Mg in Žepče and S in all three sites in 0 to 30 cm soil depth. Summary data for element concentrations for this central region, reported with medians, were: 0.76 g/kg Na, 9.30 g/kg K, 3.54 g/kg Ca, 5.28 g/kg Mg, 27.9 g/kg Fe, 43.7 g/kg Al. 0,98 g/kg Mn, 0.5 g/kg P, 0.27 g/kg S, 3.46 mg/kg Cd, 18.4 mg/kg Co, 99.5 mg/kg, 24.7 mg/kg Cu, 65.1 mg/kg Ni, 30.6 mg/kg Pb, 90.7 mg/kg Zn.

UDK 582.728.4:630*27(497.6 Sarajevo) This paper has identified the presence of mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. album) on the trees in the urban part of Sarajevo. The mistletoe is a semi-parasitic flowering plant, which grows on a large number of hosts. In general, mistletoes are specialized species, which parasite only on particular trees and shrub species. They cause the dying of different forest species and the decorative trees. As for the forests in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the most important is mistletoe on fir (V. album ssp. abietis), while in terms of fruit trees and trees in urban areas, the mistletoe particularly grow on deciduous species (V. album ssp. album). Researches for the purpose of this paper were effectuated in 2008 in the area of municipality Novo Sarajevo. Mistletoe (V. album ssp. album) has been identified on 37 infected trees, or on 12 species belonging to 5 families and 7 genera. The analysis of number of shrubs in the crowns of infected trees identified the intensity of the infection by this semi-parasitic species. The mistletoe is a primary harmful agent on urban trees and shrubs. Larger number of mistletoe shrubs exhausts the infected host, and it makes the host suitable for the attack by other secondary harmful insects and pathogens. Thus, it is recommended to remove the mistletoe shrubs, even in early stage of development of disease, while the trees are still infected (1-2 shrubs) to a lesser degree.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el tiempo de incidencia, la origen y el lugar de los goles del Campeonato Brasileno de Futbol del 2008, y para comprobar la influencia de estos parametros en la tabla de posiciones. La recogida de datos se realizo por dos evaluadores independientes que clasificaron los goles de las 380 partidas de la competicion con relacion al tiempo de incidencia, origen (balon parada o balanceo de la bola) y lugar de finalizacion (dentro o fuera del area penal). En total, se marcaron 1.034 goles. La mayor incidencia de goles fue en el segundo tiempo (579 goles, ~56%), principalmente en los ultimos quince minutos (221 goles, ~21%). En todos los periodos, la mayoria de los goles se origino en jugada con finalizacion en el area penal. Como conclusion, los resultados de este estudio indicaron que la mayor frecuencia de goles tiene lugar al final de las partidas, aunque los mejores equipos presenten mas regularidad en la distribucion de los goles a lo largo de la partida. Los equipos mejores clasificados al final de la competicion presentaron mas regularidad en la realizacion de goles entre los dos periodos.

Abstract The theoretical titration curve of a weak acid with a strong base was considered. The limitation of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for the calculation of pH in the buffer region was discussed. One novel simple equation for the exact calculation of pH from the beginning of titration up to the equivalence point was derived. By using this equation with one implicit approximation (the dissociation of water), the calculation of pH values after each addition of titrant is possible. A novel equation provides the simple and exact calculation of pH in the range of buffer, and that can be done in a simple and logical way without complex handling of acid-base equilibrium with computer and spreadsheet software. The calculated titration curves for different concentrations of acetic acid and sodium hydroxide were shown.