Objectives: To determine the optimal medication for the treatment of renal colic using evidence based medicine (EBM) parameters (RR, ARR, NNT, NNH, ARI, RRI). Sample and Methodology: During 2010, an ITT study was conducted on 400 outpatients of the Sarajevo University Clinical Center Urology Clinic in order to investigate renal colic pain relief drugs. Each group consisting of 100 patients was administered either Metamizol amp. i.v., or Diclofenac amp. i.m., or Butylscopolamine amp. i.v., while 100 patients belonged to the placebo group that was given distilled water (aqua redestilata). All patients completed visual analogue pain scale (VAPS) from 0 to 10 prior to and after the treatment. Results: Using EBM parameters Diclofenac Na and Metamizol were shown to be the most efficient in the treatment of renal colic. In these two groups, relative risk (RR) was 21 and 8,5% respectively; Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) was 74 and 86% respectively, and Number Needed to Treat (NNT) was 1 for both groups, while chi-squared (X2) test has shown that there is no statistically significant difference between these two drugs when it comes to their effect. In the Butylscopolamine group, RR was 81; ARR 18%, while NNT was 5. With respect to side effects, only in his group it was shown that Relative Risk Increase (RRI) was 84, ARI 83%, while Number Needed to Harm (NNH) was 2. Conclusion: The most optimal medication for the treatment of renal colic according to EBM parameters is Diclofenac Na, followed by Metamizol. Butylscopolamine is not recommended for the treatment of renal colic.

ЗАЧЕСТЕНОСТ НА ПЕЛТЕЧЕЊЕТО КАЈ ДЕЦАТА НА УЧИЛИШНА ВОЗРАСТ СО DOWN-ОВ СИНДРОМ Невзета САЛИХОВИЌ1, Селма ХАСАНБАШИЌ2, Лејла БЕГИЌ1 1 Универзитет во Тузла, Факултет за об­ра­зо­ва­ние и рехабилитација  2 Институт за посебно образование и ре­ха­би­ли­тација на децата со интелектуална попреченост „Mеденица“, Сараево INCIDENCE OF STUTTERING IN SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN WITH DOWN SYNDROME Nevzeta SALIHOVIC1, Selma HASANBASIC2, Leila BEGIC1 1 University of Tuzla, Faculty of Еducation and Re­habilitation 2 Institute of Special Education and Re­ha­bi­li­ta­ti­on for Children with Intellectual Disabilities "Mjedenica", Sarajevo Примено: 27.09.2011 Прифатено: 16.12.2011 UDK: 159.946.3-056.31-053.2 Recived: 27.09.2011  Accepted: 16.12.2011 Original Article Резиме Abstract Главната цел на ова истражување е да ја ис­пи­та појавата (зачестеноста) и тежината на пел­течењето помеѓу децата на училишна воз­раст со  Down-ов синдром. Примерокот беше сос­тавен од 37 машки и женски деца на училишна возраст кои беа дијагностицирани со Down синдром. Ова истражување беше спро­ведено во следните установи: Институт за посебно образование и рехабилитација на деца со  интелектуална попреченост „Mе­де­ни­ца“; Центар за образование, обука и вра­бо­ту­вање на деца со ментална ретардација, деца со аутизам и целебрална парализа „Вла­ди­мир Назор“ во Сараево; Основно учи­лиш­те за посебно образование „Зеница“; Ос­нов­но училиште „Ковачиќи“ во Сараево; Здру­же­ние на обединетата граѓанска иницијатива ДУГА од Сараево и асоцијацијата „Биди мој при­јател“ од Илијаш. Сите испитаници беа ис­питувани одделно. Резултатите покажаа дека 13,51 % од децата со Down синдром пел­течат, а крајниот резултат на сериозноста на пелтечењето покажа умерено пелтечење. Овие  резултати  покажуваат  дека  децата со Down синдром треба да бидат интензивно вклу­­­чени во терапијата за говор со цел да им се по­могне да го совладаат пелтечењето, да ја по­доб­рат секојдневната комуникација и да се по­ду­­чат како да се справуваат со оваа го­вор­на ма­на. The main purpose of this study was to examine the incidence (frequency) and stuttering severity in the school-age children with Down syndrome. The sample was consisted of 37 school-age children with Down syndrome, both male and female. The study was conducted in the following institutions: Institute of Special Education and Rehabilitation for Children with Intellectual Disabilities "Mjedenica"; Centre for Education, Training and Employment of Mentally Retarded Children, Children with Autism and Cerebral palsy "Vladimir Nazor" in Sarajevo; Primary School of Special Education „Zenica“; Primary school "Kovacici" Sarajevo; "Association of United Civic Actions – DUGA" in Sarajevo; and The Association "Be my friend" in Ilijas. All of the subjects were individually examined. The results showed that 13,51 % of the children with Down syndrome stuttered, and the total result of stuttering severity indicates a moderate stuttering. These results show that children with Down syndrome should be enrolled intensively in speech therapy in order to help them overcome their stuttering, to facilitate their everyday communication and to teach them how to cope with stuttering. Клучни зборови : зачестеност на пелте­че­ње­то, Down синдром, тежина на пелтечењето Key words: incidence of stuttering, Down syndrome, stuttering severity Адреса за кореспонденција: Невзета САЛИХОВИЌ Владимир Назор 8 75 000, Tузла, Босна и Херцеговина  E-пошта:  nevzeta@gmail.com Corresponding address: Nevzeta SALIHOVIC Vladimira Nazora 8 75 000, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina Email:  nevzeta@gmail.com

Introduction: Operation of the Primary health care center and Medical-biochemical laboratories depends on the number of performed laboratory tests. The number of unnecessary tests significantly affect the operation of health institutions. Material and methods: We analyzed the 1000 requests for laboratory tests at the Primary Health Care Centre in Gracanica from primary care units. Based on the requests for laboratory diagnostics advisable diagnoses from primary health care unit in the Primary Health Care Center (PHC) we made an economic analysis of the total required laboratory tests in the requests for laboratory diagnosis. Incorporating the economic analysis of laboratory tests in requests for laboratory diagnosis by doctors in primary health care (PHC) and the economic analysis of laboratory tests by the disease in primary health care. Results: The economic value of 5333 laboratory tests was 84 312 points (1 point is 0.80 KM). Of the total value of the index score requirements of GPs are 44, 1%, the requirement of family doctors account for 40% and requirements of other specialists make up 15, 9%.. Discussion: In the requests of the PHC units for laboratory tests are required all levels of services: urine, CBC, SE, glucose, bilirubine, ALT, AST, AF, CK, cholesterol, HDL chol., triglicerdes, creatinine, urea, uric acid, CRP, fibrinogen, calcium and phosphorus. The following requests are the most common laboratory tests: urine, CBC, blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, aminotransferases, creatinine, urea. The doctors in family practice most often requested: blood glucose, urine, CBC, SE, TGL. , Chol., ALT, AST, creatinine and urea. General practitioners were demanding more cholesterol and triglycerides, and family medicine doctors were demanding less cholesterol and triglycerides and more often CRP, fibrinogen, ALT, AST, what from the level of economic cost analysis rises the issue whether this was justified?

In 2012, Health/Medical informatics profession celebrates five jubilees in Bosnia and Herzegovina: a) Thirty five years from the introduction of the first automatic manipulation of data; b) Twenty five years from establishing Society for Medical Informatics BiH; c) Twenty years from establishing scientific and professional journal of the Society for Medical Informatics of Bosnia and Herzegovina „Acta Informatica Medica“; d) Twenty years from establishing first Cathdra for Medical Informatics on biomedical faculties in Bosnia and Herzegovina and e) Ten years from the introduction of “Distance learning” in medical curriculum. All of the five mentioned activities in the area of Medical informatics had special importance and gave appropriate contribution in the development of Health/Medical informatics in Bosnia And Herzegovina.

To The Editor: We commend Chung et al for an interesting original article reporting on the safety, efficacy, and long-term outcome of percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) as of a definitive treatment for acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC). They concluded that PC is an effective procedure and a good alternative for patients unfit to undergo immediate surgery because of the existence of severe sepsis or an underlying comorbidity. This is an excellent article with a strong impact on clinical practice. Traditionally, acute cholecystitis is mainly treated by surgical approach 1–3 but, in patients with poor general condition surgical treatment may carry a high risk of complications associated with major morbidity and mortality. Only limited data are available on PC treatment of AAC and little is known about the safety of PC in critically ill patients. Therefore, Chung’s study, which evaluates the feasibility and clinical outcome of PC in patients with AAC is of a high importance. However, AAC comprises <10% of all cases of acute cholecystitis. In over 90% of cases, acute cholecystitis is caused by cholecystolithiasis. Therefore, it is important to answer whether PC should be limited only to AAC. We had several cases of acute cholecystitis in patients with poor general condition, caused by cholecystolithiasis, which were successfully treated by PC and so we wish to add some comments regarding this topic. Our initial intention was for PC to be used as a temporizing measure whereas, awaiting resolution of sepsis and optimization of comorbidities before performing elective surgery. But, majority of those cases required no further surgical treatment after PC. Therefore, we believe that ultrasound-guided PC should be considered a reasonable option in the therapeutic spectrum for both acalculous and calculous cholecystitis and a good alternative for patients unfit to undergo immediate surgery because of severe sepsis or an underlying comorbidity.

A lot of research has been done on author classification using various methodologies. One of them is using artificial neural networks. It is common that the number of descriptors used for author classification exceeds two. In this paper we propose a means of using artificial neural network to classify the authors of texts using only two descriptors: the number of words in a paragraph and a number of characters per word in a paragraph. The approach taken uses committee machines based on ensemble averaging. The basic idea is to solve the complex computational task by dividing it into a number of computationally simple tasks and then combining the solution of these tasks. The high performance achieved is because the committee is much better than the single best constituent in the isolation. Our results show that with the above approach we succeeded to correctly classify the works of Leo Tolstoy and George Orwell.