Introduction: Records about the fractures of the distal humerus could be founds in the scriptures written long before Christ (Hippocrates 300 to 400 BC). During the twilight of science development and of any scientific work (the Middle Ages), little has been written about this problem. Between the 1700 and 1800 much was discussed about the controversies between the correct position and immobilization. In the early twentieth century view on the treatment of fractures of the distal humerus begins to change dramatically, from the former passive to active surgical treatment. The sudden turnaround followed thanks to the intensive development of technology, especially new imaging technology. Material and methods: We observed a period of 4 (four) years (1998 to 2002), and only hospital patients of certain age. As database are used the histories of the disease. The patients were followed for one year and at the same time, we analyzed (clinical) early complications after three (3) months and late complications (X ray), after a year. Among the early complications we observed most often lower motility and contraction, and of late we have followed the morphological deformation–cubitus varus and valgus. Results: Using x-ray images, we measured Baumann’s (en face) and lateral condylar angle (profile) after one year in the operated group and the group treated conservatively SPDH type III in children. We calculated the arithmetic mean (x) and a standard deviation (SD) in both groups. Using chi square and t–test, with the probability of 95%, we showed that there is a significant difference between operative and conservative treatment of SPDH type-III in children, according to Gartland. Conclusion: All humerus fracture type-III by Gartland in children should be surgically treated. Surgery should be undertaken in a time frame of 6 hours. Surgery should be done in these cases by the specialized institutions (Clinical Hospital Centre). The success of treatment in such institutions corresponds to the results achieved in the world (93.0%). We must be sure to adopt and implement a scheme of treatment of fractures of the distal humerus in children. Required is faint trail, OPF, lateral (Kaplan) approach, exceptionally for some articular fractures posterior approach by Campbell, fixation with two or more Kirchner’s needles, usually cross-set at an angle of 30°, vacuum drainage with cast immobilization.

Aim: To analyze the clinical signs of multiple sclerosis (MS) and show that optic neuritis is one of the first event, which indicates the development of disease. Patients and methods: The study involved 89 cases in which it confirmed MS at the time of the March 2009–2011. Since ophthalmological parameters were analyzed visual acuity (VA), visual field (VF), and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness of peripapillary rim by optic coherent tomography (OCT). Results: Ten(10) patients had ON as the first clinical manifestation of the disease which was statistically significant (X2 =9,7 p=0,01) compared to the manifestation of other clinical signs of disease. In VF, centrocecal scotomas were predominant in 50% of the subjects; the RNFL thinning of the neuroretinal rim was verified in all patients, most often in the upper quadrant. A month after pulse corticosteroid therapy, visual acuity in all patients with ON ranged from 0.6 to 1.0. Conclusion: ON is one of the first MS clinical manifestation. In VF, the most common disturbances are in the centrocecal area. The RNFL thinning was verified in all patients with OCT.

Sodium 5-cyanotetrazolate sesquihydrate (1) was prepared from sodium azide and two equivalents of sodium cyanide under acidic conditions. Sodium 5-cyanotetrazolate sesquihydrate (1) reacts with hydroxylammonium chloride to form 5-aminohydroximoyl tetrazole (2). 5-Aminohydroximoyl tetrazole (2) is treated with sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid to form 5-chlorohydroximoyl-tetrazole (3). The chloride azide exchange yields 5-azidohydroximoyl-tetrazole monohydrate (4). When compound 4 is treated with hydrochloric acid, 5-(1H-tetrazolyl)-1-hydroxytetrazole (5) is obtained in good yield. Compound 5 can be deprotonated twice by various bases. Different ionic derivatives such as bis(hydroxylammonium) (6), bis(hydrazinium) (7), bis(guanidinium) (8), bis(aminoguanidinium) (9), bis(ammonium) (10), and diaminouronium (11) 5-(1-oxidotetrazolyl)-tetrazolate were synthesized and characterized. With respect to energetic use salts 6 and 7 are most relevant. Compounds 3–9 and 11 were characterized using low temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction. All compounds were investigated by NMR and vibrational (IR, Raman) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. The thermal properties were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The sensitivities towards impact (4: 4 J, 5: 40 J, 6: 12 J, 7: 40 J), friction: (4: 60 N, 5: 240 N, 6: 216 N, 7: 240 N), and electrical discharge (5: 0.40 J, 6: 0.75 J, 7: 0.75 J), were investigated using BAM standards and a small scale electrostatic discharge tester. The detonation parameters of 5–7 were calculated using the EXPLO5.06 code and calculated (CBS-4 M) enthalpy of formation values.