Adolescence is considered to be the most important period for the prevention of substance use and misuse (SUM). The aim of this study was to investigate the problem of SUM and to establish potentially important factors associated with SUM in Kosovar adolescents. Multi-stage simple random sampling was used to select participants. At the end of their high school education, 980 adolescents (623 females) ages 17 to 19 years old were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of smoking, alcohol consumption (measured by Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test–AUDIT), and illegal drug use (dependent variables), as well as socio-demographic, scholastic, familial, and sports-related factors (independent variables), were assessed. Boys smoke cigarettes more often than girls with daily-smoking prevalence of 16% among boys and 9% among girls (OR = 1.85, 95% = CI 1.25–2.75). The prevalence of harmful drinking (i.e., AUDIT scores of >10) is found to be alarming (41% and 37% for boys and girls, respectively; OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.87–1.48), while 17% of boys and 9% of girls used illegal drugs (OR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.35–2.95). The behavioral grade (observed as: excellent–average-poor) is the factor that was most significantly correlated with SUM both in boys and girls, with lower behavioral grades among those adolescents who consume substances. In girls, lower maternal education levels were associated with a decreased likelihood of SUM, whereas sports achievement was negatively associated with risky drinking. In boys, sports achievement decreased the likelihood of daily smoking. Information on the factors associated with SUM should be disseminated among sports and school authorities.

BACKGROUND/AIM Prescription of drugs is a fundamental care component of the elderly. Elderly patients often take multiple drugs, and it is known that polypharmacy may lead to drug interactions and adverse events. The aim of this study was to analyze the long-term drug use and the prevalence of polypharmacy among the elderly population in the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. METHODS; A retrospective study of outpatient drug use in 2005 and 2010 was conducted, analyzing prescriptions for patients aged ≥ 65 years reimbursed by the Health Insurance Fund. The study population was stratified by gender and age. Long-term drug use was defined as continuous drug dispensing for a whole year or at least two thirds of the year. Polypharmacy was defined as the use of 5 or more different reimbursed drugs. RESULTS Of all insured people aged ≥ 65 years, long-term drug use was identified in 10% (2005) and in 19% (2010), of whom 62% were women. Two to four different drugs were used by almost 49% (2005) and 54% (2010) of the elderly patients. The polypharmacy prevalence increased from 1.4% (2005) to 3.6% (2010); it increased in all the age groups of both genders. The largest increase was observed in the age group 65-74 years. Polypharmacy prevalence increase was higher in women. The most commonly used drugs were those for to treatment of cardiovascular diseases, in particular drugs for hypertension and cardiac treatment. CONCLUSION The study findings point out to the increase of elderly population with a long-term drug use. Over a half of elderly patients use 2-4 different drugs on the long-term basis. The polypharmacy prevalence was low. It increased in the period of 5 years in both genders. The increase was more prominent in women of all the age groups. The use of multiple drugs and polypharmacy increased with ageing.

Utvrđivanje bionomije i utjecaja štetnika smrekine ose listarice, Pristiphora abietina na zdravstveno stanje šumskih kultura smreke provedeno je u sastojinama Šumskoprivrednog područja „Ključko“. Istraživanjem su procjenji va ni i mjereni sljedeći parametri: početak, tok i kraj rojenja male smrekine ose listarice, biologija i tok nastajanja simptoma na napadnutim stablima smreke. Za ulov jedinki P. abietina korištene su žute, ljepljive, ploče. Svaka od serija za ulov imala je 10 ploča sa 20 ljepljivih površina. Ukupno je u 180 ljepljivih ploča, ulovljeno 2640 jedinki P. abietina, od toga 1903 mužjaka ili 72,1 % i 737 ženki ili 27,9%. Utvrđene su značajne štete uzrokovane ovim štetnikom na istraživanom području.

Hrast kitnjak [Quercus petraea (Matt.) Lieblein] jedna je od najvažnijih vrsta šumskog drveća u Bosni i Hercegovini, iako je sadašnja struktura šuma hrasta kitnjaka vrlo slaba. Razlog tomu treba tražiti u jakom povijesnom utjecaju čovjeka na tu vrstu, brojne neplanske i nestručne sječe i slabo razvijen sustav gospodarenja ovom vrijednom vrstom. U uvjetima Bosne i Hercegovine kitnjak se nalazi na 333 000 ha, u malim čistim i većinom mješovitim sastojinama s grabom i ponekad bukvom. Kroz ovo istraživanje želimo odgovoriti na sljedeća pitanja: kakva je genetska struktura odabranih populacija hrasta kitnjaka u Bosni i Hercegovini, te kakvo je značenje poznavanja genetičke strukture u procesima obnove? Analizirali smo 17 prirodnih populacija hrasta kitnjaka uz uporabu 11 enzimskih sustava s 14 genskih lokusa i registrirali 82 alela. Registriran je velik polimorfizam, a samo je kod genskog lokusa sorbitol registriran potpuni monomorfizam, dok je kod genskog lokusa Pgi – A dobiven polimorfizam samo u jednoj populaciji. Prosječan broj alela za istraživane populacije kretao se od 1,7143 do 3,1429, a efektivni broj od 1.1089 do 1.2585. Stvarna i teorijska heterozigotnost najniža je bila u populaciji Gračanica s 0,0947, dok je najveća bila u populaciji Bugojno s 0,1869. Fiksacijski indeks u svim populacijama je bio negativan, što ukazuje na dobru stabilnost istraživanih populacija te da su slabi ili izostaju procesi inbridinga u populacijama. Najveće genetske udaljenosti u odnosu na ostale pokazala je populacija Tešanj. Rezultati diferencijacije pokazuju male vrijednosti, što ukazuje na kratko vrijeme od njihovog razdvajanja te prisutnost toka gena i malog gubitka prilagodbenog potencijala. Dobiveni rezultati omogućuju preporuku potrebnih mjera za očuvanje genetskih izvora metodama in situ i ex situ te obnovu i uporabu reprodukcijskog materijala hrasta kitnjaka u Bosni i Hercegovini.