According to the World Health Organization, quality communication is one of the five skills that individuals need for a healthy and happy life, and the knowledge and skills of quality communication are a prerequisite for quality action for many professions. In order for healthcare professionals to tailor health communication to each patient individually and to provide high quality healthcare, it is essential that they have an insight into the health literacy status of their users. Given the large percentage of the illiterate population around the world, it is necessary to conduct health literacy research in some of our adapted measuring instruments in our country as well.

INTRODUCTION: Internet addiction is a topic that is widely debated in scientific circles and the media. Students spend a lot of time in content-related activities online, neglecting common activities such as socializing, business obligations, learning, home affairs, etc., and have difficulty interrupting internet activities, even when they themselves recognize it is time for it. AIM: The aim of this research was to investigate Internet addiction among students of the Medical Care, Faculty of Medicine in Foca. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research was conducted at the Medical Faculty in Foca in the period from 07.11. until 09.11.2016. year with health care students. The selected study design is a cross section study. The study covered 60 students, the first, second and third year of studies that were present on the days of the study and volunteered to participate in the research. RESULTS: The survey involved 60 respondents, of whom 21 are men (35%) and 39 women (65%), ages 18 to 24 years old. All of our respondents are Internet users. The largest percentage of respondents (66.7%) use the internet for 2 to 4 hours. The largest number of respondents first accessed the Internet at the age of 13 (21.7%). Most respondents use Facebook as a social network 56 (93.3%), while the least number of Twitter users. CONCLUSION: All of our respondents are Internet users, and the largest percentage of respondents (66.7%) use the internet for 2 to 4 hours. The largest number of respondents first accessed the Internet at the age of 13 (21.7%).

Background/Aim. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory disease affecting the distal colon and rectum with complex pathogenesis and diagnosis, indicating the need for new diagnostic and prognostic markers. The aim of this study was to determine the fecal values of TNF- ?, IL-17, IL-10 and soluble protein ST2 (sST2) in the patients with UC and their relationship with clinicopathological aspects. Methods. The samples of stool of 80 patients with UC were analyzed. Concentrations of TNF-?, IL-17, IL-10 and sST2 were measured by ELISA. Results. Concentrations of TNF-?, IL-17 and sST2 were significantly increased in the feces of patients with the higher endoscopic, clinical and total Mayo score, as well as in the patients with an intense crypt destruction, erosion of the mucous membranes, architectural changes, neutrophil infiltration and eosinophil infiltration. The local value of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in liquid fraction of feces was increased in the patients with an advanced endoscopic stage of UC. The moderate positive correlation between the fecal sST2/IL-17 and the clinical and histological parameters of disease severity and also the strong correlation between sST2 and IL-17 was also observed in the feces of patients with UC. The analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves showed that the optimal cut-off value for sST2 of 624.0 pg/g allows the discrimination of clinical stages of UC. Conclusion. The increased fecal value of sST2 in the UC patients with a higher endoscopic, clinical and histological stage of disease may be considered as a sign of the disease severity. The fecal values of sST2 can be used as a valuable marker for UC severity.

Background/Aim. Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents one of the most common cancers worldwide. CRC is frequently diagnosed at advanced stages with poor prognosis, indicating the need for new diagnostic and prognostic markers. The aim of this study was to determine systemic and fecal values of galectin- 1 (gal-1) and ratios between gal-1 and proinflammatory cytokines: tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-?), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1?) and interferon gamma (IFN-?), in the patients with CRC and the relationship with clinicopathological aspects of the disease. Methods. The blood samples and feces liquid fraction of 58 patients with CRC were analyzed. The serum and fecal levels of TNF-?, IL-1? and IFN-? and gal-1 were measured using sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Results. The fecal level of gal-1 was increased in the CRC patients with higher nuclear grade and poor tumor tissue differentiation. The gal-1/TNF-? ratio in the serum and feces had a higher trend in the patients with the advanced tumor-nodemetastasis (TNM) stage as well as the detectable lymphatic and blood vessel invasion. The gal-1/TNF-? and gal-1/IFN-? ratios were increased in the serum of patients with presence of lung/liver metastasis or peritoneal carcinomatosis, while the enhanced gal-1/IL-1 ratio was detected only in the serum of patients with lung metastasis. A positive correlation between the gal-1 value in feces and histological differentiation of tumor and biomarkers alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and cancer antigen- 19-9 (CA 19-9), respectively, was also observed. The fecal values of gal-1 higher than 13,708.29 pg/g presented a highly sensitive and specific marker for histological differentiation of tumor tissue. Conclusion. We believe that the predomination of gal-1 over pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-?, IL-1? and IFN- ? in the patients with advanced and progressive CRC may implicate on an immunomodulatory role of gal-1 in the limiting ongoing proinflammatory processes. The fecal values of gal-1 can be used as a valuable marker for the severity of CRC.

Introduction. Primary breast angiosarcoma is a very rare tumor and accounts for 0.04% of all breast malignant tumors and most commonly occur in young women. Kasabach-Merritt syndrome (KMS) is described as consumption coagulopathy with thrombocytopenia, and without adequate therapy almost certainly leads to a very fast lethal outcome. Case report. We present a rare case of 60-year-old postmenopausal woman with metastatic primary angiosarcoma of the breast associated with a picture like Kasabach-Merritt's syndrome (thrombocytopenia and anemia without the coagulation factor disorder with massive bleeding in the tumor). Conclusion. Primary breast angiosarcoma in postmenopausal women is a very rare tumor, and may be associated with anemia and thrombocytopenia without other laboratory parameters for Kasabach-Merritt's syndrome. Anemia and thrombocytopenia are refractory to standard treatment protocols, and also significantly reduces the quality of life of these patients. The literature contains only a few cases of Passociated with thrombocytopenia or with KMS and there are no clear defined protocols for the treatment of these patients, which requires the presentation of as many cases as possible.

Introduction. The aim of the study was to determine the frequency and risk factors for diabetic nephropathy (DN) in patients with type 2 diabetes as well as the factors related to kidney function decrease over a three-year period. Methods. The study involved 81 patients with type 2 diabetes, initially classified into two groups: the first group was comprised of 41 patients with DN (27 males; 62.03 ± 7.73 years) while the second one included 40 patients without DN (17 males, 61.73 ± 11.55 years). All of them were subjected to history taking, objective examination as well as laboratory examination. Based on the results of the study lasting for three years, the patients of both groups were divided into subgroups with stable kidney function and subgroups with impaired kidney function, defined as an increase in proteinuria level and/or decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by more than 25%. Results. In both groups, high incidence rates of known risk factors for diabetes and DN were recorded at the beginning of the study. The multivariate logistic analysis identified the female sex and the duration of diabetes as significant predictors of DN. After three-year period, kidney function declined in approximately 50% of patients with and without DN. Furthermore, the values of fasting glycemia and HbA1c were statistically higher in the groups with impaired kidney function compared to the ones with stable eGFR. The linear regression analysis revealed that, during three-year period, the change in eGFR was significantly associated with patient age, the duration of diabetes, systolic blood pressure, the difference in diastolic readings and proteinuria. The change in proteinuria was strongly associated with systolic blood pressure, the difference in diastolic readings, as well as with HbA1 and eGFR at the end of the study. Conclusion. In patients with type 2 diabetes, female sex and longer duration of diabetes were identified as significant risk factors for DN, while patient age, the duration of diabetes, elevated blood pressure and poor glucoregulation were identified as risk factors for kidney function decrease.

Tendency of modern diagnostic visualization development in biomedicine is focused on the integration of detection and quantification of molecular, functional and morphological events in the biological systems. The increasing number of patients with chronic kidney disease stimulated the development of new diagnostic methods. The development of magnetic resonance technology encouraged the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging of kidneys in both scientific research and clinical practice. The paper presents the basic characteristics of the functional magnetic resonance imagining and the possibilities for its use in the examination of kidney functions.

Introduction/Objective. During the past 20 years, there have been numerous attempts to design and apply a simple, affordable blood analysis tool for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in psychiatry. In this article we demonstrate that some mathematical parameters of chromatin organization and distribution in blood neutrophil granulocytes are related to stress levels in patients diagnosed with recurrent depressive disorder (RDD). Methods. The study was performed on 50 RDD participants who were asked to complete Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21). Peripheral blood samples were obtained from all the participants, smeared on glass slides and stained using a modification of Giemsa method. A total of 500 representative chromatin structures (10 per patient) of neutrophil granulocytes were evaluated using textural analysis with the application of gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) method. Parameters such as angular second moment (indicator of textural uniformity), inverse difference moment (textural homogeneity), and textural sum variance were calculated. Results. The results indicate that there is a statistically highly significant correlation (p < 0.01) between certain chromatin GLCM parameters such as inverse difference moment, and DASS-21 stress score. There was also a significant difference (p < 0.05) in some chromatin GLCM parameters in patients diagnosed with RDD with psychotic features, when compared to the ones without psychosis. Conclusion. These findings suggest that in the future, chromatin GLCM features might have a certain predictive value for some clinical features of recurrent depressive disorder.

Introduction. The association between substance use and aggression derives from the fact that among violent crime offenders there is a large number of people with alcohol and drug abuse. The objective of the study was to determine the incidence of psychoactive substance addicts in the population of violent crime offenders, as well as to consider possible measures to reduce the crime rates in this population. Material and Methods. Forensic psychiatric reports were used to assess 94 violent offenders from 2001 to 2018. The expert reports were obtained from the Psychiatry Clinic in Novi Sad, Serbia, including court case files, medical records, and psychiatric and psychological records of all offenders. Results. We have found that of the total of 94 violent crime offenders, as many as 25% suffered from some form of mental disorder. More than half of those with mental disorders from this group suffered from disorders induced by psychoactive substances, which means that as many as 15% of all offenders had some form of addiction. On the other hand, as much as 50% of all the offenders were under the influence of psychoactive substances at the time of the offense, predominantly by alcohol. Conclusion. Further research is needed in order to develop specific programs for the prevention of violence in the population using psychoactive substances.

In this article is presented the second part of data on selected new and noteworthy taxa for a flora of Serbia resulting from the ongoing process of examination and revision of the Herbarium collection of the Institute for Nature Conservation of the Vojvodina province (PZZP). These data are including 22 species, 14 subspecies, 1 variety, 1 form, 1 infraspecific taxon with indetermined taxonomical status [stat. indet.] and one nothospecies belonging to 11 genera (Leontodon L., Lepidium L., Leucanthemella Tzvelev, Leucanthemum Mill., Leucojum Mill., Limonium Mill., Limosella L., Linaria Mill., Lindernia All., Linum L. and Scorzoneroides Moench). One subspecies (Linum capitatum subsp. serrulatum), one nothospecies (Linaria ×oligotricha) and 3 taxa on the different infraspecific levels are new for a flora of Serbia.

Introduction. Post-dural puncture headache is classified as a secondary headache attributable to non-vascular intracranial disorders and belongs to the group of headaches caused by low cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Etiopathogenesis. The pathogenesis is not completely clear, but it is thought to be caused by the cerebrospinal fluid leak through the duct opening. Cerebrospinal fluid efflux leads to a decrease in intracranial pressure and stretching of the pain sensitive intracranial structures. A drop in intracranial pressure can cause compensatory cerebrovascular vasodilation, contributing to the onset of a headache. Diagnosis and Therapy. Post-dural puncture headache clinically presents as an orthostatic headache. In most cases, the diagnosis is made based on a typical clinical picture and it can be confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging and measurement of cerebrospinal fluid pressure. The condition is usually benign, most often with spontaneous recovery. The therapy involves conservative treatment, medications, as well as some invasive methods: epidural blood patches, blockage of the greater occipital nerve, and in most severe cases, epidural injection of fibrin sealant or surgical dural repair. Conclusion. Post-dural puncture headache is a common complaint in the clinical practice of neurologists and anesthesiologists. The prognosis is usually favourable, while the therapy may include conservative or invasive treatment procedures.