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ABSTRACT Incremental democratic decline is evident in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), but measures of democracy conceal an uneven subnational distribution of autocratization. So far there has been limited research on the drivers and constraints to subnational autocratization. This paper aims to contribute to the literature on power-sharing by exploring instances of illiberal politics enacted by parties in government at the subnational level in BiH. Evidence is gathered through semi-structured interviews and analysis of three specific cases of illiberal politics. We find that the political contest in BiH is purposefully contained within ethnic and subnational boundaries and constrained through several layers of institutionalized multilevel and ethnic checks and balances. The main drivers of subnational autocratization are opportunities that arise from the institutional framework established during early democratization and postwar structures that blend executive dominance with economic power and informal party networks, and occasionally from an individual actor’s perceptions of threat. Democratization in BiH will need to address subnational politics and deep-rooted power structures if it is to be successful.

O objetivo deste artigo e apresentar o atual estagio do processo de constituicao de  corpora historicos para o estudo da lingua portuguesa em terras mineiras no decorrer dos seculos XIX e XX. Com base na producao de conservadoras edicoes de documentos pessoais e oficiais, a luz das orientacoes teorico-metodologicas de Bergs (2005); Conde Silvestre (2007); Hernandez-Campoy e Conde Silvestre (2012), buscamosexpor algumas evidencias de edicoes de  atas, estatutos confrariais , receitas culinarias e cartas pessoais produzidas por mineiros entre os seculos XIX e XX.A proposta e a de apresentar amostras historicas representativas dos acervos historicos de Minas Gerais ate o momento levantadas e estudadas no âmbito da FALE/UFMG,tendo em vista, por exemplo, o fato de as cartas mais intimas (familiares e amorosas) mostrarem-se preferencialmente mais transparentes em relacao a explicitacao de tracos linguisticos da norma de uso (CUNHA, 1985) do PB, cf. discutido por Rumeu (2013).Em contrapartida, nas  atas do IHGMG e nos estatutos confrariais, prevemos a expressao nao so da escrita culta mineira cujo contexto de escritura e de elevado grau de formalismo, mas tambem de pistas do contexto historico-social. Acreditamos, pois, em conformidade com Lobo (2001), que conservadoras edicoes de manuscritos historicos (oficiais ou nao-oficiais) correspondam aos desejos do linguista-pesquisador avido por fontes fidedignas ao estudo da estruturacao da pluralidade de  normas do portugues brasileiro, cf. Callou, Barbosa e Lopes (2006).

Abstract In this video, we demonstrate microsurgical resection of IV ventricle subependymoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first video case report of a microsurgical resection of subependymoma of the IV ventricle in the peer-reviewed English literature. Subependymomas are benign central nervous system tumors, typically arising in ventricular spaces, mostly in the IV and lateral ventricles.1-3 They are isointense on T1 and hyperintense on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with minimal or no enhancement.4 Microsurgery remains the mainstay treatment. Complete tumor resection is possible and curative with excellent prognosis.1,5-7 Although the clinical course appears benign, the inability to diagnose them radiographically with certainty and the possibility of an alternative malignant lesion support a low threshold for early and safe resection.8 A 39-yr-old man presented with severe headache and balance problems. Pre- and postcontrast neuroaxis MRI revealed a centrally located IV ventricle lesion without hydrocephalus. The aim of the surgery was complete tumor resection. Surgery was performed in the prone position by the senior author (KIA) with intraoperative neurophysiology monitoring. A small suboccipital craniotomy and C1 posterior arch removal was done. After opening the dura and arachnoid membrane, the tumor was identified and meticulously dissected from the adjacent posterior inferior cerebellar artery and the floor of the fourth ventricle and from brain stem white matter at the tumor-neural tissue interface to avoid brainstem interference. Histological analysis revealed subependymoma (World Health Organization Grade I). Postoperative pre- and postcontrast MRI revealed complete resection. Headache and balance problems completely resolved; the patient was neurologically intact. The patient provided written consent and permission to publish his image.