The aim of this study is to analyse the affect of climate aridity impact, through to the climate indices - Forest Aridity Index (FAI) and Ellenberg climate quotient (EQ), on the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) content and N/P, N/K ratio in leaves of European beech in Serbia. The analysis of the macroelements concentration in the leaves shows that beech leaves contain: N - 9.82-19.62 mg/g, P - 0.82-1.53 mg/g, K - 4.83-11.11 mg/g. N/P ratio is 8.61-16.39 and N/K ratio 0.95-2.81. FAI index was in a range of values 3.19-7.10, and EQ quotient was in a range of values 15.27-30.24. Based on the research of the macronutrient content in beech leaves and the FAI and EQ at different altitudes, it can be concluded that FAI and EQ were statistically significant correlated with N and P content, and with N/K, respectively. An increase in indices values linearly causes a decrease in the concentration of key macronutrients N and P. The only parameter examined on which warmer and drier climate (through to the FAI and EQ index), did not have a statistically significant effect was the concentration of K.

Dendroflora as a basic element of a green area plays a key role in the fulfilment of ecosystem services in all landscape architecture structures within a city. The objective of this paper is to show dendroflora diversity through the analysis of dendrofloristic elements of Mali Park in Obrenovac. In the studied area of 0.65 ha 28 taxonomic categories were identified including 10 Gymnosperms and 18 Angiosperms, with 218 trees recorded in total. The most dominant species in the park are Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) G.Manetti ex Carrière (Gymnosperms) and Betula pendula Roth (Angiosperms). According to origin, the taxa are divided into four categories with different share: allochthonous taxa (13), autochthonous taxa (12), cultivars (2), hybrid taxa (1). The research indicates the importance of increasing the share of resistant species in the dendrofund, with an emphasis on autochthonous species, in order to maintain ecological stability and improve quality of life.

Urban green spaces are essential for enhancing ecosystem services, biodiversity, and human well-being, yet their sustainability relies on the long-term vitality and aesthetic quality of trees. This study examined changes in tree vitality and decorativeness in Akademski Park, Belgrade, Serbia, over a ten-year period (2015–2025) to assess species-specific responses to urban environmental stress. Data were collected using the basic Visual Tree Assessment (VTA) method, evaluating 132 trees in 2015 and 121 in 2025 across 22 species. Both vitality and aesthetic values were rated on a five-point scale, and differences were tested using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired samples. Results showed a slight overall decline in vitality (from 3.9 to 3.7) and a stable decorativeness score (3.6–3.7). Significant reductions in vitality were observed for Cedrus atlantica (p=0.002), while Tilia cordata showed improvement (p=0.037). Platanus × acerifolia exhibited a significant increase in decorativeness (p=0.040), confirming its adaptability to urban conditions. Other species displayed minor or non-significant changes, indicating general stability in tree health and visual quality. The findings suggest that Akademski Park has maintained its ecological and aesthetic function despite environmental pressures. Long-term monitoring and species-specific management are essential for sustaining urban tree vitality and optimising the resilience of green infrastructure under changing climatic conditions.

Ismail Kadare, the Albanian writer who researched and wrote about Balkan history and culture in poetry and fiction covering a period of more than 60 years, is a bard of Albanian, European, and world literature. Writing in the shadow of Albanian dictator Enver Hoxha, Kadare examined contemporary society through the lens of allegory and myth in his novels. In the paper in question, we will pay attention to obsolete words, that is, to those lexical word forms that have gone out of active use. Within their framework, we make two types of words: historicisms and archaisms. Historicisms are linked to certain objects or phenomena characteristic of a given historical period, and archaisms serve to name certain objects or phenomena from the past, and today they are named with other words, with their synonyms. The subject of processing in our essay is to cover the basic life and literary trends of the literary great Ismail Kadare, but also to carry out a kind of lexical analysis of the work "Fortress" in more detail, as well as to extract selected Tutcisms and historicisms from the said work.

This paper presents the development of a system for parallelized real-time processing of Wi-Fi signals using the ESP32 microcontroller. By utilizing its dual-core architecture and the FreeRTOS operating system, simultaneous acquisition and processing of network data are achieved, resulting in reduced latency and improved system response. The user can select among several processing algorithms – median filter, low-pass filter, autocorrect, moving average, or event detection – with real-time graphical visualization via the Arduino Serial Plotter. The implemented system demonstrates that ESP32 can efficiently execute complex signal processing tasks, making it suitable for IoT devices, presence monitoring systems, and smart environments requiring fast and reliable wireless data analysis.

The modern school is changing along with the challenge called scientific technological revolution, and the need for a different approach to the student is inevitable and necessary. Theory connects with practice, and the unity between them in the hands of professionals leads to real realization and a successful result. A well-organized planned educational activity is the foundation and basis for building the correct attitude of each child towards self-realization and the formation of a positive personality. A series of organizations, institutions, facilities, services, individuals will take care of the use, organization and fulfillment of free time. The subject of work in our paper is to carry out research that has one main hypothesis and several auxiliary hypotheses that will complement the main hypothesis. For this research, we identified three citiy and one village school from where we get the results of the research work that is based on a survey in the field of leisure activities and their cultural function in developing the knowledge and abilities of the determined target group.

Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of Zn‐alginate hydrogel films and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity are evaluated. Swelling properties, zinc concentration and spectroscopic and morphological features were characterized and related to their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. These results indicate a dependence of swelling on the degree of cross‐linking, which, in turn, can be adjusted by manipulating the synthesis time, initial alginate concentration and/or zinc leaching. Hydrogel films with zinc showed remarkable antibacterial properties, especially against gram‐positive bacteria. The absence of Zn resulted in less inhibition of gram‐positive strains, although it had a positive effect on the inhibition of gram‐negative strains, which was attributed to the degradation of alginate chains, affecting cell metabolism. Nitrogen‐doped samples synthesized in rivanol‐containing solution exhibited globular morphology and higher antioxidant activity. The electrochemical synthesis enables the facile preparation of highly active alginate hydrogels for biomedical applications.

Aim of study: A two-year experiment (2021-2022) was conducted to assess the response of a local maize hybrid BL-43 to different water regimes (full irrigation, deficit irrigation and rainfed) at two distinguished pedo-climatic locations (Aleksandrovac and Butmir) in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). Area of study: The field experiment was located in Aleksandrovac (near Banja Luka) and Butmir (near Sarajevo) in BiH. Material and methods: A randomized block design was adopted at both experimental locations with three replicates. An Excel-based irrigation tool was used to manage crop water requirements and irrigation scheduling. Main results: Crop response to water was affected by site-specific agronomic management, the duration of phenological stages and their interconnection with precipitation events. At both locations, the effect of the water inputs on grain yield was statistically significant confirming the beneficial impact of irrigation. The effect of water stress on yield was particularly pronounced at Aleksandrovac, which was under water and temperature stresses during flowering time. During both seasons and for all water regimes, the total average grain yield was greater at Butmir than at Aleksandrovac for 38% and 27%, respectively. Research highlights: This is the first experimental study conducted in BiH on the effect of irrigation on maize grain production under different pedoclimatic conditions. The study emphasizes the need for knowledge regarding the impacts that climate change is having on the productivity of one of the region's most important crops.

Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) accumulates challenges in the areas of research and innovation (R&I), agricultural water management (AWM) and their intersection. In the decade 2012–2022, the BiH gross domestic product per capita in current US$ increased by 6.2% annually. However, improvements are slowly arriving in R&I and AWM. In this period, relevant challenges to AWM have materialized, such as climate change effects or the need to implement an interconnected vision of ecosystem services. In the R&I arena, the societal demand for knowledge goods remains low, while the reforms of higher education and R&I funding systems have become urgent. This paper set out to elaborate a realistic and feasible policy roadmap to consolidate R&I in AWM in BiH. The methodology included an assessment of policies and sector performance, the analysis of stakeholder perceptions, the development of strategic directions and the design of a strategy. Desk research and stakeholder consultations (33 interviews, six workshops, 179 persons in total) were used to take stock of the current situation and expectations for the future. Stakeholders were divided into knowledge supply and knowledge demand, with five and six subcategories, respectively. Relations were established among the key enabling factors, the needs and the capacities of the involved stakeholders. The TOWS (Threats, Opportunities, Weaknesses and Strengths) matrix permitted to identify policy strategies. A Weaknesses – Opportunities, conservative or mini-maxi strategy was selected, owing to the relevance of system weaknesses (such as low investments, poor return of R&I to society or low R&I for AWM adaptation) and opportunities (such as the Green Agenda for the Western Balkans, Smart Specialization or regional partnerships). The policy roadmap was structured along three policy goals: strengthen R&I, strengthen AWM and identify / fund local R&I priorities for AWM. Policy goals included policy instruments promoting eco-efficient use of resources and sustainable development of rural areas.

The increased need for smart management of agricultural resources resulted in the preparation and implementation of H2020 project SMARTWATER. This publication aims to present the main outcomes of SMARTWATER in three years of implementation (2021-2023), to encourage relevant target groups to participate in the action in 2024 and to promote smart management of agricultural resources. During project implementation different results were obtained. SMARTWATER team will continue with different twinning activities in 2024 aiming to promote smart agriculture practices, increase the competencies of scientists and young researchers and disseminate the project outcomes.

This manuscript explores the significance of state estimation methods in electric power systems, with a particular focus on the role of Phasor Measurement Units. In the manuscript is presented the basic principles and advantages of state estimators in the absence of PMU measurements, followed by an analysis of how PMU measurements significantly enhance the accuracy of state estimations. Through a detailed review, we highlight the key characteristics of PMUs and how their synchronized data contributes to improved state estimation quality. The paper investigates the security aspects of state estimation, specifically focusing on malicious attacks through the injection of false measurements (FDIA). Using a concrete example, it is demonstrated how an FDIA attack can significantly impact the accuracy of state estimations by introducing inaccurate data into the system. The manuscript also considers a strategy for detecting such attacks through residual analysis

The paper presents the monitoring of biotic damage agents over a five-year period (from 2018 to 2022) at bio-indication point BIT I Štubik near Negotin, which includes oak trees (7/8 of all trees) and maple trees (1/8 of the total number of trees at the site). The presence of several types of biotic damage agents was recorded, some of which are very dangerous and significant. The most common were harmful insects, among which the most notable was the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar. At the end of the study in 2022, the highest number of undamaged trees was recorded (83.3%), while the most damage was present in 2019 when only 1/4 of the trees were undamaged. It can be said that the condition of the crowns is directly related to the percentage of biotic damage agents.

This study evaluated the eco-efficiency of rainfed and irrigated maize production in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Environmental impact assessments were performed through energy analysis, carbon footprint, and water scarcity footprint analysis. For economic analysis, gross and net returns and benefit–cost ratios were calculated. Eco-efficiency was measured by the ratio between the net return and environmental criteria. The findings indicate that transition from rainfed to irrigated maize cultivation per unit of land results in a 53.7% higher yield and gross value of production, but also a 69.8% increase in energy input, a 22% rise in greenhouse gas emissions, and a 3.6fold increase in the water scarcity footprint. While a positive link exists in irrigated maize between higher yield and lower carbon footprint per unit of product, rainfed systems outperform in energy efficiency, productivity, profitability, water scarcity footprint, and overall eco-efficiency. Both systems rely heavily on nonrenewable energy sources, with fertilization (energy and carbon footprint), mechanization (carbon footprint), and irrigation (water scarcity) as the main contributors to the negative environmental impacts. The implementation of optimization strategies for these inputs is of paramount importance to reduce environmental impacts and promote sustainability in maize farming in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The essential resources for the survival of the living world are air, water and land. By its essence land is the only non-renewable natural resource, with a potentially rapid rate of degradation and a very slow process of formation and regeneration. Water and land are resources, characterized by climate, so climate variability inevitably affects the processes in the land and its use, whose testimonies today we could find through the fossil lands. Processes affecting the lands are intensified in the last few decades around the world, such as erosion, water logging, drought, fire, loss of organic matter and the like, are associated with climate change and are visible on the territory of Republika Srpska. The basic task of humans today is to use the land rationally and to preserve it for new generations. On the basis of available measured data and climate models in the future, the following conclusions came out: land use would not be significantly impaired, nor would crop production be endangered; favorable climatic conditions would continue to prevail for the production of corn, wheat, and potatoes, with increased year-on-year variations by the end of the century; due to earlier sowing, water logging would be pronounced; regular maintenance of existing drainage systems should be fully in function, and new ones to be built in geopardize places; for the new, highly intensive orchard establishments and vegetable production, irrigation system should be designed and built; comprehensive solutions of existing erosion processes and prevention of occurrence of new ones should be envisaged, because in future climatic conditions, dry periods of higher intensity might occur, followed by strong rainstorms could cause permanent soil loss due to dried vegetation prone to erosion; considering that the soils of Republika Srpska are very poor in humus, i.e. organic carbon, it is necessary to apply agrotechnical measures to increase the intake of organic matter. Intentional burning of crop residues must be severely punished. Continuous monitoring of soil fertility on georeferenced locations is indispensable (pH, macroelements (NPK), content of organic matter, water-physical properties of soil) for better data comparison and observation of the direction of impact, whether positive or negative, in order to plan and take timely adaptation measures, ensuring proper and sustainable land use and climate change mitigation.