By using the Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) theory, we investigate the stability of two elliptic equilibrium points (zero equilibrium and negative equilibrium) of the difference equation t n + 1 = α t n + β t n 2 − t n − 1 , n = 0 , 1 , 2 , … , where are t − 1 , t 0 , α ∈ R , α ≠ 0 , β > 0 . By using the symmetries we find the periodic solutions with some periods. Finally, some numerical examples are given to verify our theoretical results.

: We investigate the global asymptotic stability of the difference equation of the form

<jats:p>We investigate the global asymptotic stability of the following second order rational difference equation of the form <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>B</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>F</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>b</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">0,1</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mo>…</mml:mo><mml:mo>,</mml:mo></mml:math> where the parameters <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>B</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>F</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>b</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>, and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>c</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> and initial conditions <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M7"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">0</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> are positive real numbers. The map associated with this equation is always decreasing in the second variable and can be either increasing or decreasing in the first variable depending on the parametric space. In some cases, we prove that local asymptotic stability of the unique equilibrium point implies global asymptotic stability. Also, we show that considered equation exhibits the Naimark-Sacker bifurcation resulting in the existence of the locally stable periodic solution of unknown period.</jats:p>

We investigate global dynamics of the following second order rational difference equation x n + 1 = x n x n − 1 + α x n + β x n − 1 a x n x n − 1 + b x n − 1 , where the parameters α , β , a , b are positive real numbers and initial conditions x − 1 and x 0 are arbitrary positive real numbers. The map associated to the right-hand side of this equation is always decreasing in the second variable and can be either increasing or decreasing in the first variable depending on the corresponding parametric space. In most cases, we prove that local asymptotic stability of the unique equilibrium point implies global asymptotic stability.

We investigate the global asymptotic stability and Naimark-Sacker bifurcation of the dierence equation xn+1 = F bxnxn 1 +cx 2 1 +f ; n = 0; 1;:::

T. Wanner We investigate global dynamics of the equation xn+1=xn−12bxnxn−1+cxn−12+f,n=0,1,2,…, where the parameters b,c, and f are nonnegative numbers with condition b + c > 0,f ≠ 0 and the initial conditions x−1,x0 are arbitrary nonnegative numbers such that x−1+x0>0. We obtain precise characterization of basins of attraction of all attractors of this equation and describe the dynamics in terms of bifurcations of period‐two solutions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

By using the Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) theory, we investigate the stability of the positive elliptic equilibrium point of the difference equation xn+1 = Ax3n +B axn−1 , n = 0, 1, 2, . . . where the parameters A,B, a and the initial conditions x −1, x0 are positive numbers. The specific feature of this difference equation is the fact that we were not able to use the invariant to prove stability or to find feasible periods of the solutions.

By using the KAM theory we investigate the stability of equilibrium solutions of the Gumowski-Mira equation: x n+1 = (2ax n)/(1 + x n 2) − x n−1, n = 0,1,…, where x −1, x 0 ∈ (−∞, ∞), and we obtain the Birkhoff normal forms for this equation for different equilibrium solutions.

C Dedicated to Professor Mustafa Kulenovic on the occasion of his 60th birthday Abstract. We investigate the global asymptotic behavior of solutions of the following anti-competitive system of difference equations xn+1 = 1yn A1 + xn ; yn +1 = 2xn + 2yn yn ; n = 0; 1;:::; where the parameters 1; 2; 2;A1 are positive numbers and the initial conditions x0 0;y0 > 0. We find the basins of attraction of all at- tractors of the system, which are the equilibrium point and period-two solutions.

We investigate the global asymptotic behavior of solutions of the following anti-competitive system of rational difference equations: xn+1=γ1ynA1+xn,yn+1=β2xnA2+B2xn+yn,n=0,1,…, where the parameters γ1, β2, A1, A2 and B2 are positive numbers and the initial conditions (x0,y0) are arbitrary nonnegative numbers. We find the basins of attraction of all attractors of this system, which are the equilibrium points and period-two solutions. MSC:39A10, 39A11.

AbstractWe investigate the global asymptotic behavior of solutions of the following anti-competitive system of rational difference equations: xn+1=γ1ynA1+xn,yn+1=β2xnA2+B2xn+yn,n=0,1,…, where the parameters γ1, β2, A1, A2 and B2 are positive numbers and the initial conditions (x0,y0) are arbitrary nonnegative numbers. We find the basins of attraction of all attractors of this system, which are the equilibrium points and period-two solutions.MSC:39A10, 39A11.

We first investigate the Lyapunov stability of the period-three solution of Todd's equation with a period-three coefficient: where α,β, and γ positive. Then for k = 2,3,… we extend our stability result to the k-order equation, where pn is a periodic coefficient of period k with positive real values and x-k+1,…,x-1, x0 ∈ (0, ∞).