The flavonoid rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside), is a flavonol glycoside comprised of the flavonol quercetin and the disaccharide rutinose. In this study, using HPLC-ED system, quantification of rutin was carried out in different extracts of medicinal plants. Analyses of rutin were performed with leaves and flowers of 50 medicinal plants of rue, buckwheat, rose, sage, calendula, chamomile, elder, dandelion, feverfew, lemon balm, linden, thyme, valerian, stinging nettle, cloves, dog rose, pansy, parsley, cowslip, rose etc. Rutin was extracted with hot water. Supernatant was used for analyses. The standard solution was 0.2 μg/20 μL rutin. Content of rutin (mg/g) was highest in the leaves of rue (86.0) followed by flowers of buckwheat (53.5), the leaves from buckwheat (20.0), flowers of pansy (33.5) and flowers of rose (10.0). In all other plants, the content of rutin was lower than 0.5 mg/g. The lowest content rutin (0.25 mg/g) was found in the leaves of lemon balm. The high concentration of rutin in flowers and leaves of rue, buckwheat, pansy and rose provided more importance to rue, buckwheat, pansy and rose as medicinal and diet plants.
Ten biologically active derivatives of 2,6,7-trihydroxyxanthen-3-one, previously synthesized and characterised, were investi - gated for their in vitro antimicrobial and antiproliferative activity. Compounds were tested on three bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli , and two fungi strains, Candida albicans , and Saccharomyces cerevisiae . The best activity against E. coli showed non-substituted compound 1 . The most potent against fungi strains was compound 7 with ortho methoxy substituent. Compound 4 exerted the most potent antiproliferative activity in the micromolar range (0.1–10 µM) on tested tumour cell lines except on SW620. Additional Western blot analyses showed increased cyclin B1 levels in HeLa cells treated with compound 4 , which is a major mitotic catastrophe’s marker and decreased levels of Wee1 and Erk ½ kinases involved in regulation of the mitotic process. The most potent compounds after in vitro tests were subjected to molecular docking simulations to evaluate enzyme binding affinity, and provide further evidence for experimentally observed biological effects in vitro .
Fluoride is a key component in oral hygiene products, widely recognised for its role in preventing dental caries. However, excessive fluoride intake poses potential health risks, particularly to vulnerable populations. This study evaluates fluoride expo - sure and non-carcinogenic health risks associated with commercial oral hygiene products in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). Based on fluoride concentration in toothpaste and mouthwash samples, estimated daily intake (EDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) values were calculated for four age groups: children under two years of age (< 2 years), children (2–6 years), teenagers (6– 16 years), and adults (≥ 16 years). The results revealed that toothpaste contributed more to fluoride exposure than mouthwash across all age groups. Children exhibited higher EDI and HQ values due to increased ingestion rates, with HQ exceeding 1 for some toothpaste samples, indicating potential non-carcinogenic health risks. In contrast, teenagers and adults had HQ values below 1, suggesting minimal risk. A comparative analysis with international studies demonstrated that fluoride exposure levels in B&H are generally lower, although certain samples exceeded safe intake thresholds. This study underscores the importance of monitoring fluoride concentrations in oral hygiene products and educating the public on their proper use to balance dental health benefits with potential risks.
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