Summary Introduction Caries and orthodontic anomalies in school-age children lead to disturbed aesthetics, oral functions (chewing, swallowing, and speech), predisposition to trauma and the onset of periodontal diseases. The aim was to assess dental health and frequency of orthodontic anomalies in children aged 8-9 years in the municipality of Foča. Methods The research was conducted in the primary school Sveti Sava in Foča, where the total of 112 children age 8-9 years were examined. An informed consent was obtained from parents and school director for each student. Dental examination was performed using standard dental method, a mirror and a probe under artificial lighting. Children received instructions on proper nutrition, oral hygiene, tooth protection and elimination of bad habits. Results Among 112 examined boys and girls of selected ages, very high person caries index (PCI) was found (78.57%). A total of 548 caries affected teeth were found (boys 331 (24.62%), girls 217 (16.14%) (p <0.05)). Fifty-nine children had caries lesions on permanent teeth (boys 39 (2.9%), girls 20 (1.5%) (p <0.05)). Sagital abnormalities of the bite were present in 39 (34.82%) children, while 38 (33.92%) anomalies were related to vertical bite irregularities, 10 (8.92%) of them had open bite and 28 subjects (25%) had deep bite (p> 0.05). Conclusion Large number of teeth was affected with caries lesions (548) in eighth-year-olds, while orthodontic anomalies, mostly sagital abnormalities of bite were found in 39 subjects.

Introduction. Orthodontic treatment is a common dental procedure in developed countries. Assessment of orthodontic treatment need is important for health services planning and population trends monitoring. The aim of this study was to assess the need for orthodontic treatment among children in Foca, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods. The study involved 81 students of two primary schools in the municipality of Foca, aged 11-13 years. The subjects underwent clinical examinations, the dental impressions were taken, study models were made and analyzed, and digital photographs of anterior dentition were taken too. Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need (ICON) was used to assess the need for orthodontic treatment. The number of orthodontists, which would be sufficient to meet the needs of this population of children, was estimated. Results. ICON index results showed that 56.8% of children needed orthodontic treatment. There was no statistical significance in the need for orthodontic treatment between the subjects of different gender and age. The study showed that 22.2% of boys and 34.6% of girls needed orthodontic treatment. In relation to age, 21% of eleven- and 21% of twelve-year-olds needed orthodontic treatment and 14.8% of thirteen-year-olds. The incidence of crowding was 80.2%. Crossbite was present in 23.5% of examined students, open bite in 2.5%, deep bite in 29.6% and irregular dental esthetics anterior teeth in 28.4%. Class II/1 malocclusion was found in 39.5% of children, II/2 class in 9.9%, class I in 38.3%, while class III malocclusion was found in 9.9% of examined children. Conclusion. The study shows that a large percentage of children in Foca need orthodontic treatment. Percentage of the need for orthodontic treatment is higher in comparison to most of the countries in Europe and the world. The development of prevention programs and early caries therapy can greatly reduce the need for orthodontic treatment.

SUMMARY Introduction Malocclusion is common in children and it has great influence on the quality of life of patients. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of malocclusion among 11-13 years old children in the municipality of Foca in Republika Srpska. Material and Methods The study included 81 respondents, 11-13 years old. It was conducted in elementary schools in the municipality of Foča. Respondents underwent clinical examination, alginate impressions of upper and lower jaws were taken and study models analyzed. To determine malocclusion (crowding, spacing, cross bite, deep bite, open bite and occlusion class as per Angle) ICON index (Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need) was used. Results The results showed that 17.3% of respondents had spacing between teeth, 80.2% crowding, 23.4% cross bite, 29.6% deep bite while open bite was present in 2.4% of patients. Occlusion II/1 class by Angle was present in 38.3% of respondents, II/2 class in 12.3% of respondents, Class I occlusion in 40.7% of respondents and III class was found in 2.4% of respondents. Conclusion There was high prevalence of malocclusion in the examined children. It is necessary to implement prevention programs, early treatment of dental caries, prevent premature tooth loss as well as measures of interceptive orthodontics in order to reduce frequency of malocclusion KRATAK SADRŽAJ Uvod Ortodontske nepravilnosti su različito, ali dosta često, zastupljene kod dece i u velikoj meri utiču na kvalitet života pacijenata. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se odredi učestalost ortodontskih nepravilnosti kod dece uzrasta 11-13 godina na području opštine Foča u Republici Srpskoj. Materijal i metode rada U studiji je učestvovao 81 ispitanik uzrasta od 11 do 13 godina. Studija je obavljena u osnovnim školama na teritoriji opštine Foča. Ispitanicima je urađen klinički pregled, uzeti su otisci zuba u alginatu, napravljeni i analizirani studijski modeli. U određivanju ortodontskih nepravilnosti (teskoba, rastresitost, ukršten zagrižaj, dubok zagrižaj, otvoren zagrižaj i okluzija po Englu) korišćen je indeks ICON (engl. index of complexity, outcome and need). Rezultati Rastresitost zuba je ustanovljena kod 17,3% ispitanika, teskoba zuba kod 80,2% dece, ukršten zagrižaj kod 23,4%, dubok zagrižaj kod 29,6%, dok je otvoren zagrižaj zabeležen kod 2,4% ispitanika. Okluzija klase II/1 po Englu utvrđena je kod 38,3% ispitanika, klase II/2 kod 12,3%, klase I kod 40,7%, a klase III kod 2,4% dece. Zaključak Uočena je visoka prevalencija ortodontskih nepravilnosti kod pregledane dece. Ovakav nalaz ukazuje na neophodnost primene preventivnih programa, ranu terapiju karijesa, sprečavanje prevremenog gubitka zuba i mere interceptivne ortodoncije, kako bi se smanjila učestalost ortodontskih nepravilnosti.

Introduction. Urea is the final product of protein degradation secreted in saliva. It has low molecular weight and neutral molecule that can freely diffuse through bacterial wall, mature plaque and extracellular polysaccharides exerting a buffering effect. In the presence of urease, urea is broken down into one molecule of ammonia and two molecules of weak carbonic acid, causing alkalization of the substrate and pH increase. Hydrolysis of urea begins at pH 4-6. In mature plaque with low pH, urea hydrolysis is a compensatory mechanism that opposes pH decrease trying to keep an optimal acidbase balance. This mechanism explains the role of urea in controlling plaque, caries and gingivitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of urea on the quality and speed of epithelialisation of thermally wounded gingiva in rats. Material and Methods. The study included 36 Wistar albino rats, 3-4 months old, divided in three groups (12 in each group). According to the protocol thermal wounding of gingiva was performed in all animals. Wounded gingival epithelial tissue was treated with: 10% urea solution (experimental group), 3% hydrogen peroxide and saline (control groups). The extent and quality of epithelialisation was verified histologically after 3, 5, 8, 11 and 14 days. Results. There was a strong cellular infiltration and stromal edema with no significant morphological differences between groups in the samples analyzed after 3 days. The acceleration of epithelialisation in the experimental group observed in samples obtained after 5 days was evidenced by rapid mitotic division of epithelium and initial covering of defects in both directions. In samples obtained after 8 days, in the experimental group, epithelial defect was covered and in some areas cells were differentiated in vertical direction. After 11 days horizontal coverage of defects as well as accelerated cell differentiation in the vertical direction were noted. Restitutio ad integrum in the experimental group and significant delay in wound healing in the control groups was demonstrated in 14-day samples. Conclusion. Complete epithelialisation of gingiva occurred significantly faster in the group treated with 10% urea solution, than in the control groups treated with 3% hydrogen peroxide solution and saline.