Introduction: The most common renal diseases are acute or chronic nephritis, renal interstitial inflammation, nephrotic syndrome, kidney stones, kidney degenerative diseaseare and renal tumors. In addition to the general principles of proper nutrition in kidney disease it is necessary to take into account the intake of minerals, proteins and water. Restrictive diets need to be individually tailored to each patient and carried out by medical supervision. Today on the market there can be found nutritional supplements for patients who are suffering from kidney disease Aim and Methodology: The objective was to collect, systematize and analyze the available literature data and recommendations on diet and nutrition guides in kidney disease, and to determine which supplements are available in pharmacies and are intended for patients suffering from kidney disease. On the basis of available scientific and technical resources are diet and nutrition guides in kidney disease described. To collect data about dietary supplements that can be found in pharmacies, a questionnare was conducted amoug pharmacists. Questionnaire consisted of 6 questions relating to food supplements in glomerular inflammation (glomerulonephritis), inflammation of the kidneys (pyelonephritis) and kidney stones. The study included eight pharmacies in the area of Tuzla. Results: Diet in kidney stones depends on the type of stone that is created. Common recommendations for all types is to take in more liquids. Diet in glomerular inflammation and kidney inflammation involves avoiding foods with high content of protein, potassium, sodium and phosphorus and increase of calcium intake. From herbal remedies for inflammation cranberry fruit tea, reserves and horsetail (naći nazive na latinskom). Nutritional supplements that may be used in kidney disease are found in different pharmaceutical forms in almost all pharmacies. In practice, the most common nutritional supplements that are prescribed or recommended in patients with kidney problems are plant preparations and rarely vitamins and minerals. It was determined that doctors rarely recommend dietary supplements for patients with kidney problems, while most of pharmacists surveyed do. Pharmacists have stated that half of the patients with kidney difficulties seek supplements themselves. Conclusion: In kidney diseases it is extremely important to establish the proper balance of water intake, minerals and proteins. The right choice of dietary supplements can help treat the disease. Continuous education of health workers on the possibilities of diet is necessary, proper nutrition and use of dietary supplements in the treatment of kidney disease.

Introduction: The majority of menopausal women is changing nutritional status. The causes of this may include: hormonal changes, bad eating habits, heredity, lifestyle etc. The most common symptoms of menopause are hot flushes, sweats and mood swings. Women entering menopause unprepared to cope with the changes of this period of life and with insufficient knowledge of dietary habits that lead to oversupply or lack of nutrients. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the degree of nutritional status in postmenopausal women and to determine the degree of correlation between nutritional status and dietary habits of women with menopausal symptoms and the frequency of certain health disorders. Methodology: The study was carried out collecting, systematization and statistical analysis of data on the nutritional status and dietary habits of a sample of 300 women aged 45 to 55 years old. For women, the absence of a menstrual cycle longer than three consecutive months, it was considered to be in menopause.The survey was conducted in five ambulance of family medicine. To collect the data is used standardized list of questions about eating habits, based on the Likert scale. Results and discussion: According to the body mass index (BMI), 12:33% of the patients were within the normal range of nutrition, while 87% of respondents were from overweight and obese. BMI was significantly higher in patients with an increased intake of: soft drinks, sweets and white bread. Soy as a food is present in the diet in only 18% of respondents. Women who have never had symptoms of menopause and menopausal disorders have significantly lower BMI (p<0,05). The most common diseases in the period of menopause in a patient were examined: hypertension (57%), diabetes (12%), depressive disorders (25%) and cancer (1%). Conclusion: Food habits of the respondents indicate insufficient knowledge of nutritional needs and recommendations, which resulting in the consumption of food that is not adapted to this period of life. The subjects are not feed buy the standards and recommendations of the WHO, and among them there is an increased risk of diseases typical for menopause, and as a result of the effects of improper nutrition. Nutrition according to the standards and recommendations of the WHO resulting in improved nutritional status of women in menopause, and as result of that is a reduction in the occurrence of diseases and negative symptoms of menopause. Recommendation: It’s needed a systematic and organized education in menopausal women in order to achieve proper nutrition and normal nutritional status, which may contribute to a better quality of life, reducing related diseases and negative symptoms of menopause.

Elevated body mass is an important risk factor of many diseases like hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, coronary heart disease etc. To reduce body weight various medicament, surgical, behavioural, dietetic and other approaches and methods are used. Education of patients is one of the key points in success, and besides solely implementation it is often used in combination with other methods. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of education in overweight and obese healthy and sick patients on the weight reduction. Study was conducted on the sample of 77 participants of which 39 were overweight and obese but otherwise healthy, 9 were patients with hypertension, 8 were diabetics, 11 patients with gastrointestinal problems and 10 patients with food allergies. During the study observation period all participants were educated on the importance of balanced nutrition via the flyer, weekly menu and individual interview. The observation period was 3 months per person. Basic anthropometric measurements were conducted and BMI calculated for each participant at the beginning and at the end of the observation period. Average reduction in BMI was 3.26 units in overweight and obese but otherwise healthy participants, 3.40 units in patients with hypertension, 5.08 units in diabetics, 0.12 units in patients with gastrointestinal problems and 0.10 in patients with food allergies. Greatest average reduction in BMI was noticed in diabetics. Education on balanced diet and healthy lifestyle via the flyer, weekly menu and individual interview resulted in significant body mass reduction in healthy as well as in patients with diagnosis. Education of overweight and obese persons could be an important tool in weight management programs.

Summary Western civilization problems nowadays are overweight, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer and different disorders closely linked to unbalanced diet. Since it is extremely difficult to influence nutritional preferences of consumers, food industry is now increasingly developing new products, such as bread, pasta, snack products and other highly consumed products by all groups of consumers enriched with ingredients that are lacking in every day nutrition (fiber, polyphenols, antioxidants, vitamins, s-glucan…) and functional products which have scientifically proven beneficial effect on human health. Food industry by-products, such as apple pomace, by-products from sugar industry and brewers spent grains are rich source of polyphenols, fiber and s-glucan. Grape pomace is rich in polyphenols, tomato pomace in lycopene and carrot pomace in β-carotene. These are just some examples of by-products with great potential of application in enriched and functional food production. In addition to natural substances which are produced in this manner, problem of large quantities of waste disposal is also resolved.