The paper presents the results of modeling the bending strength of wood. During the experimental examination and definition of the model, solid wood was taken, where the bending was performed perpendicular to the grain. The experiment was done with thirteen replications and the input values that varied at three levels were wood density and board thickness. The thirteen-repetition experiment also involved four repetitions in the marginal areas, so two more wood densities and two board thicknesses had to be taken. The experimental measurement was performed in the laboratory of the Technical Faculty Bihać. Based on the experimental results, a sufficiently adequate mathematical model of the breaking force of a solid wood panel perpendicular to the grain is obtained.

One of the advantages provided by fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing technology is the manufacturing of product materials with infill structure, which provides advantages such as reduced production time, product weight and even the final price. In this paper, the tensile mechanical properties, tensile strength and elastic modulus, of PLA, Tough PLA and PC FDM 3D printed materials with the infill structure were analysed and compared. Also, the influence of infill pattern on tensile properties was analysed. Material testing were performed according to ISO 527-2 standard. All results are statistically analysed and results showed that infill pattern have influence on tensile mechanical properties for all three materials.

One of the advantages of FDM technology is the production of product materials with infill structure. In order to make the most of this advantage, the behaviour of FDM printed material with infill structure under different loads has to be analyzed and understood. Therefore, the goal of this experimental research is to analyze influence of infill density (100%, 80%, 60% and 20%) on tensile mechanical properties (tensile strength and elastic modulus) of PLA antibacterial nanocomposite, tough PLA and ABS-X 3D printed materials.

<p style="text-align: justify;">The aim of this paper is to present a sufficiently adequate and accurate mathematical model of the breaking force of a solid wood panel. For that purpose, an experiment with thirteen repetitions was designed and done. The input sizes that varied on three levels are the density of the wood and the thickness of the solid wood panel. Since the central composite plan with thirteen repetitions of the experiment also includes four repetitions in the marginal areas, two more wood densities and two solid wood panel thicknesses were taken. The force was measured in such a way that the plate fibers were parallel to the bending direction of the plate. The measurements were made in the laboratory of the Technical Faculty in Bihać. The significance of the model coefficients was determined using the R software and the results were presented using the Design Expert software.</p>

Widely used additive manufacturing technique for plastic materials is Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). The FDM technology has gained interest in industry for a wide range of applications, especially today when large number of different materials on the market are available. There are many different manufacturers for the same FDM material where the difference in price goes up to 50%. This experimental study investigates possible difference in strength of the 3D printed PLA material of five different manufacturers. All specimens are 3D printed on Ultimaker S5 printer with the same printing parameters, and they are all the same colour.

Existence of standardized materials and product standards for various products gives confidence in complete material selection process. In case of welded steel products, respective product standards clearly define requirements for design and fabrication. Among many properties, four are mostly considered: strength, ductility, toughness, and weldability. Nowadays products are more demanding than ever, and it is not possible to consider single property anymore, but two or even three of them. In such cases, selection charts are used, making material selection easier. This paper provides selection charts and corresponding design criteria defined in welded product standards for selected structural steel grades. Values presented in selection charts are acquired through own researches, as well as from available literature. Considered structural steels are grades with yield strength from 355 to 960 MPa, available in three mayor delivery conditions: normalized, thermo-mechanically treated, and quenched and tempered.

Additive manufacturing is technology that is widely used to produce good quality products with complex geometries. One of the most popular additive technology today is fused deposition modelling (FDM). Literature review is showing that many parameters have influence on mechanical properties of FDM printed materials. Influence of FDM 3D printer model on strength properties of printed PLA (polylactic acid) material with different infill density is presented in this paper. Testing specimens are printed with five different 3D printer models of the same manufacturer with the same material and 3D printing parameters. Aim was to investigate 3D printer model influence on strength properties of 3D printed PLA material. The results of this study could be useful for users and researchers in order to select appropriate printer model for particular purpose considering optimal relation of PLA material strength properties and FDM 3D printer model.

One of the rapidly growing additive technology for polymer-based products is Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), which is used for prototypes, single-part production and also small series production. Today, this technology is increasingly used for engineering purposes, and it is of great importance to know the mechanical properties of materials used in FDM technology, which are commonly thermoplastic polymers. The mechanical properties of materials are obtained by standard mechanical testing, but problem is that there are no official standards that define the method of mechanical testing of FDM materials. The aim of this study is to analyse the influence of the strain rate on tensile properties. Three different materials, PLA, tough PLA and carbon PLA, are examined. Strain rate was varied from 0,5 mm/min to 100 mm/min. The test was performed according to ISO 527-2. All specimens are 3D printed with 100 % infill and same 3D printing parameters.

Objective/Purpose: The purpose of this work was the assessment of the clinical efficacy and safety of Bioapigyn® vaginal ointment for pelvic muscle tonus compared to pelvic floor muscle training in alleviating the symptoms of stress, urge and mixed urinary incontinence and vulvo-vaginal disorders in child-bearing and menopausal & postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: The experimental group consisted of 66 women was treated 28 days with Bioapigyn® ointment for pelvic muscle tonus (2.5 mL/day). The control group also consisted of 66  participants was subjected to pelvic floor muscle training during 28 days (five times a day). ICIQ-UI SF score, the residual urine volume, perineometry, the total score of vulvo-vaginal symptoms and vaginal pH were determined before and after the treatment or training. Results: Following the treatment with Bioapigyn® ointment ICIQ-UI-SF score decreased 54.9%, perineometry parameters  increased  between  31.5  and  34.3%,  residual  urine  decreased  for 76.9%  and  vaginal  pH  for 14.2%. All the symptoms of vulvo-vaginal disorders disappeared completely in all participants. The control group showed no changes in vaginal pH or the improvement concerning the vulvo-vaginal complaints. ICIQ- UI-SF score decreased for 4.3%, residual urine volume for 9.1% while perineometry parameters increased between 4.3 and 8.3%. Conclusion/Discussion: Bioapigyn® vaginal ointment for pelvic muscle tonus alleviate the symptoms of incontinence by tightening and firming of the smooth muscles of the pelvic floor thanks to the ingredients with smooth muscles contraction/relaxation and astringent properties. Low pH, high osmolarity, viscosity, greasiness and coating effect of the ointment eradicated vulvo-vaginal complaints.

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a rapidly growing additive manufacturing technology for various applications in field of engineering. Mechanical properties of 3D printed materials in FDM technology depend on various parameters. Literature suggests that type and density of infill are parameters that affecting the mechanical properties of 3D printed materials, and also have direct influence on 3D printing time and amount of 3D printed material. In this paper influence of infill type and density on tensile properties, 3D printing time and amount of 3D printed material will be investigated and presented. Total of 13 different types of infill and for every type it will be tested 9 specimens with different infill density from 10% to 90%. Every specimen would be 3D printed of PLA material with same colour and 3D printing parameters, also at the same position on printer bed to maximally reduce influence of other factors on mechanical properties of material. The obtained results would give us a wider picture of how to maximally save on 3D printing time and amount of material consumed in the production, but to still keep required tensile properties.

Today, one of the most used material in FDM (fused deposition modelling) 3D printing technology is PLA (polylactic acid). On market today, there are many different companies that producing PLA material filament for 3D printers with different diameter and colours. Previous research showing that there are so many parameters in FDM technology that affect on mechanical properties of 3D printed material like layer height, infill density, temperature etc. Topic of this article is to investigate whether colour of PLA material effect on material tensile properties and in what amount. It will be tested more than 10 different colours of PLA material, and for every colour it will be tested 3 specimens. Specimens are prepared according to ISO 527-2, and all printed with same 3D printing parameters and with 100% infill. Also, all used materials are of same company and for every colour specimen will be 3D printed from same filament spool. All this is done to avoid other parameters to effect on material properties. The results of this study will be useful for colour selection of the PLA material without compromising the material tensile properties of 3D printed product.

While fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the most used additive manufacturing (AM)process today due to its ability to produce products with very complex geometries and with wide range of different thermoplastic materials. Engineers have the option of making parts with the most commonly used thermoplastics, such as ABS, PLA, PET-G, a variety of blends, as well as engineered thermoplastics for aerospace, medical, automotive, electronic and other specialty applications. The aim of this paper is to investigate tensile properties of carbon reinforced PLA and carbon reinforced PET-G materials, and make a comparison of carbon PLA with PLA and carbon PET-G with PET-G material. For every material it will be tested 2 specimens with different 3D printing orientation angle (0, 15, 30 and 45) prepared according to ISO 527-2. Specimens would be 3D printed on Ultimaker 2+ with steel nozzle and under the same conditions of 3D printing, in order to reduce impact of unwanted factors on material tensile properties. The results of this paper will be useful to see whether it is profitable to use carbon-reinforced materials and whether they really increase the tensile properties of basic materials.

<p style="text-align: justify;">The paper analyzes the behavior of the plastic container during the buckling, ie during the load effect on the containers. The analysis was experimentally performed on several different types of containers. The container material is polypropylene. Experimental determination of pressure force and corresponding deformation was performed in the<br />laboratory at the Faculty of Technical Engineering Bihać. The analysis includes experimental testing on assembled containers and on container side. Places where deformation occurs on the container sides are shown.</p>