Background: Medical decision making represent a branch of medical informatics. Our decisions and actions are based not only on relevant information but also on our knowledge of the nature of problem that is being solved. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe and explaine the importance of medical decision making in physician's practice with information technology support. Methods: This is cross-sectional study based on reviewing of apropriate scientific literaure stored in scientific databases like PubMed, PubMed Central, Scopus, Embase, Hinary, etc, Results and Discussion: The reality is that the physician very often makes the decisions on the basis of the incomplete information. Besides that, the value of the available information for the processes of decision making is always relative regarding to the basis on the base of knowledge of the decision carrier. Medical decision making certainly be continuously exposed to it, which is the reason why it could not be of more important. The intricate aspects of medical decision making has been discussed in this article. A decision is a choice varying between several different courses of action that may be pursued. Each decision comes as a result of complex processes which provide two or more options providing results, as well as intro and retrospection, and examination or perspective into the future. As is in everyday life, the principles of decision making are present in medicine as well. Conclusion: Medical decision-making is a process of continuous balancing of concrete risks in which doctors show "loss aversion". Medical decisions are vital - to medical professionals, patients and society. They are difficult, and may provide positive outcomes, or poor complications. They test doctors maximally, and provide insight into the effectiveness of doctors. Doctors do not enter into a “business but social contract” with the patient. Additionally, it may ease and expedite the process of medical decision making, a luxury which was not always present for physicians.

Background: Alternative The topic of this article is the development of pharmacy in the Middle Ages. Objective: The aim of this paper is to bring readers closer to the development and importance of pharmacy and health activities in general of this century. Methods: This is sistematic review of the published papers about historical facts about development pharmacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the past. Results and Discusion: There are few documents that speak and testify about health and hygiene data and opportunities in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the Middle Ages and the time of the independent Bosnian state, because very little was written and mostly knowledge was transmitted by narrative. Bosnia, as an independent state, was first mentioned in the Charter of Kulin Ban in the 12th century. The Charter was sent to the Republic of Dubrovnik and provided safe passage for merchants through Bosnia and tax exemption. The Republic of Dubrovnik also had many influences on the development of all social conditions, including medicine and pharmacy. Doctors and pharmacists were able to come to Bosnia unhindered and engage in treatment and the sale of medicines, without having to fear whether they would pay taxes to the state or be robbed. Conclusion: Until Bosnia came under Ottoman influence, treatment in Bosnia was rather primitive, the number of pharmacies and health facilities was minimal, and hygienic conditions were rather poor. Folk medicine and spells were mainly practiced, which were passed down from generation to generation, by narrative tradition. Only with the arrival of the Ottomans, hospitals and pharmacies began to open, and the health care system was better regulated.

Background: Scientific research is the only real way and method for the proliferation of true knowledge in all spheres of science, but also in academic institutions. Medical, and in a broader sense biomedical scientific research, is a process of systematic research of current and important health problems related to defined aspects of physical, mental or social well-being of the population of local, regional or global character. Objective: As the fact that today is conducted a number of scientific researches in the field of medicine, it is necessary to define the steps by which it is carried out to make it universal and to have scientific value. This paper describes the research methods, study design, the way in which one should be written, and why it is important to publicize the same. The aim of this article is to present the current tools available in scientometry for the evaluation of scientific validity of published articles and explain the purpose. Methods: Special emphasis is placed on scientometrics as the science that evaluates scientific papers and their citation in the selected sample of journals. Results and Discussion: The most important satisfaction for any scientist should be the realization that the result of research in a certain way in the future will affect at least one person to be healthier, which should be fundamental to the realization of research in practice–at universities or specialized scientific laboratories and institutes. Scientometrics analyzes scientific articles and their citation in a selected sample of scientific journals. Bibliometrics denotes quantitative research of communication processes by applying appropriate mathematical and statistical methods to books and other communication media. Bibliometric methods are used for quantitative analysis of written materials. Citation provides guidelines for scientific work, because it stimulates scientists to deal with the most current areas of research, and organizes scientific article at the world level, or shapes and directs it. Citation is influenced by: article quality, understanding of the article, language in which the article is written, loyalty to a group of researchers, article type, etc. In this article we pointed that h-Index presents one of a set of valuable measures to determine scientific excellence (bibliometrics recognize also m-value as useful). Some of the indicators used in the evaluation of scientific work are: Impact factor (IF); Citation of the article; Journal citations; Number and order of authors, etc. Impact Factor is the number of citations of articles published in the journal during the previous two years divided by the total number of articles published in the journal during the same period. Factor of influence depends on: the quality of the journal, the language on which it was printed, the area it covers, the journal distribution system. Although the h-Index is a better measure than a citation impact factor (IF), it is still based on the opinions of other authors. Conclusion: Since research in medicine can affect the improvement of clinical and public health practices, it is necessary to conduct them. Only quality research with exact results offers the scientific community new information about the examined problem, and the researcher personal satisfaction, the possibility of communicating and conducting scientific dialogue with other members of the academic community, and opening opportunities to receive critical review of those who have insight into the research.

The protected landscape (PL) of Biambare is one of the most fa­mous green sites for local visitors and tourists of Sarajevo. This area is distin­guished by beautiful Bosnian Alps (Dinarids) meadows and plenty of spec­tacular natural phenomena, especially caves; the Central Biambare Cave is currently the most popular. The terrain is situated at an elevation range of 915–1044 m above sea level, so it mostly has a pleasant pre-mountain climate, etc. Therefore, tourism supply is based on different products and activities: speleology; walking in nature; bicycling; riding; hiking; alpinism; fishing; hunting; skiing; and collecting medicinal herbs and mushrooms. The aim of the paper is to represent the Biambare tourist image based on identifying its central natural attributes and according to the evaluation of the visitor’s experience. The two relevant parameters for understanding tourist impressions are: “satisfaction” and “loyalty”. These are higher among foreign than resident visitors, particularly among Middle Eastern tourists, who favour this site above many others in Canton Sarajevo.

Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Nature Protection Law complies with significant European directives and conventions intended to safeguard hab­itat and biodiversity. The objectives of the paper are to investigate Bosnia and Herzegovina’s legal framework for managing natural resources and to identify protected areas as the spots of sustainable tourism. Bosnia and Her­zegovina is home to a wide range of biodiversity due to its three distinct ge­ographical zones, the Mediterranean, Euro Siberian-Bore American, and Al­pine-Nordic Highlands. As a result, more protected areas are being estab­lished, with Sarajevo creating the first protected area that adheres to IUCN guidelines. Recently, new protected areas have been added to Bosnia and Herzegovina’s tourism supply to meet the rising demand for natural plac­es. Bosnia and Herzegovina is perceived as an ecotourism destination by the majority of its citizens, hence the trend toward protected areas is seen as favorable.

Background: Biochemistry is the science of the chemical composition of living things and of chemical changes in living things. Biochemical–laboratory diagnostics occupy a prominent place in medicine. Today's knowledge in the field of laboratory diagnostics enables reliable diagnostic verification of the physiological and pathological condition of the subject and monitoring of the patient's therapy. Objective: The aim of this article is to look at the economic and communication aspect of laboratory diagnostics in family medicine and present some statistically relevant data related to the already mentioned topic. Methods: Author used a few important sost analysis to assess every diagnostic and therapeutic procedure which should be analyzed from the aspect of its profitability, i.e. To determine their effectiveness and safety of application as stated in the Accreditation Standards for Health Centers. Results: A total of 5333 laboratory tests are represented in 1000 requests. The percentage representation of the most frequent individual laboratory tests in the requests of all teams of doctors involved in the health care system was in order; GUK (14%), BS (14%), urine (13.9%), SE (10.3%), total cholesterol (8.5%), triglycerides (8.4%), aminotransferases (6.7 %), creatinine (6.7%), urea (4.8%), bilirubin (0.9%), fibrinogen (0.9%), CRP (0.8%), AF (0.8%), HDL cholesterol (0.7%), calcium in serum (0.6%), phosphorus in serum (0.5%), acidum uricum (0.5%). Of the general practitioners, the largest number of patients referred to the biochemical and hematology laboratory were diagnosed with diabetes, followed by diseases of the urinary system and hypertension. The same is the case with family medicine doctors, while from specialist doctors, the largest number of patients are sent to the biochemical and hematology laboratory with diseases of the urinary tract, followed by diseases of the respiratory tract, endocrinological system and anemia. Conclusion: An economic analysis of the number of required laboratory tests by disease indicates a different number of points per required test and by disease. The highest costs are related to diabetes, followed by the costs of respiratory diseases, urinary diseases and finally hypertension.

Background: Mobile pharmacies are special organizational units or infrastructures that serve to supply medicines to remote communities or are stationed on ships or as such exist during war conflicts on the battlefields to provide first aid to the wounded and to provide the necessary medicines. The establishment of mobile pharmacies is regulated by the law of each state and only preparations approved by law can be found in it. There are also regulations for the good storage and warehousing of these drugs. Objective: The aim of this article was to provide an overview of the available literature on the topic “Mobile pharmacies through history”, which shows the development and progress in the structure and function of mobile pharmacies throughout history. Methods: This is an descriptive study based on the searched available literature from the on-line databases regarding to present a historical overview of mobile pharmacies during the most significant war events in Europe and the USA. Results and Discussion: Mobile pharmacies were first mentioned in Egypt and the Roman Empire, but it was not until 1500 that military and ship’s doctors began using them, and wealthy nobles had their own boxes of medicines, which they carried on long voyages. Mobile pharmacies became more and more popular, so in the 18th century, practical manuals on the use of the contents of the box began to be published. The importance of a mobile pharmacy was shown in the wars, where people, before their appearance, died due to the impossibility of providing first aid on the battlefield. The advanced medicine and pharmacy that developed on land, greatly affected the health care at the sea. The constant incidence of infectious diseases, poverty and inadequate nutrition, insecurity of navigation and long voyages are the main reasons why sailors often fell ill and were exposed to injuries at work. A situation like that required that the problem of health protection on ships gets solved in accordance with the then principles of medicine and pharmacy. Conclusion: Authors demonstrated the importance of mobile pharmacies in treating and providing medical protection on boat trips. Regarding the ship’s pharmacies, pharmacists have the role of supplying ships with medicines, conducting training for captains and ship staff, advising shipping companies and captains on equipping ship pharmacies and advising on the preparation of national regulations and national ship pharmacy supply policy.

Introduction: Pseudo journals, hijacked journals, fraudulent journals, fake journals, and predatory journals waste valuable research when authors publish their studies in them. Aim: This article described novel suggested features for the identification of fraudulent journals and aimed to explain this issue to help inexperienced scientists avoid publishing in predatory journals. Methods: The articles related to this topic in were retrieved from PubMed and trustable Internet sources. Results: Unfortunately, some fake journals have made their way into reputable databases, such as PubMed, PubMed Central, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and Web of Science; thus, the serious question has been raised regarding how we should address this problematic phenomenon. We recommended 28 suggested characteristics of predatory journals for readers to take into consideration. Conclusion: Unaware of the detrimental effects associated with publishing in disreputable journals, inexperienced researchers can fall victim to them. Together, as both readers and writers, we should completely boycott predatory journals.

Background Universally, negative or misinformed stuttering attitudes abound, which often lead to inaccurate stereotyping and/or stigmatization of people who stutter [1]. Attitudes toward any phenomenon are partly formed by what a person believes to be true, as well as how they feel and react toward that phenomenon [2]. In stuttering, attitudinal research has been particularly critical in global efforts to reduce marginalization of people who stutter. St. Louis [3] developed a standard and translatable stuttering attitude instrument, the Public Opinion Survey on Human Attributes-Stuttering (POSHA-S), which provides an impression about respondents’ overall beliefs about stuttering and Purpose: A growing body of research has addressed children’s stuttering attitudes between preschool and upper elementary school. Attitudes among preschoolers and kindergarteners have been reported to be much lower that fifth graders’ attitudes, at which time children’s attitudes seemingly converge with their parents’ attitudes. It has been suggested these observed changes align with children’s social and cognitive development and are resistant to the influence of other variables, such as their culture. The purposes of this study were (a) to extend cultural examinations of children’s stuttering attitudes in a sample of kindergarteners through sixth graders in Bosnia & Herzegovina (B&H), and (b) to compare their attitudes with their parents’ attitudes.

The Bihać tourism geographical region is rich in diverse, pollution-free, natural tourism potentials that can be the basis for the development of more specific forms of tourism (mountain, hunting, rural, excursion-recreational, adventure, recreational-sports, fishing and ecotourism) of local and regional as well as national and international significance. This paper will present the most important natural tourism potentials of the Bihać tourism geographical region, their valorization, as well as their possibility of exploitation for tourist purposes. Moreover, the tourist traffic and accommodation capacities of this tourism geographic region will be shown. Finally, it will be concluded how these unique still unpolluted natural phenomena should be treated in order for them to remain the same for future generations.