Hyaluronan (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan composed of disaccharide repeats of N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid (Bartosikova et al., 2008). It can be present in various molecular weight (MW) forms, each of them having different biological activities (Morozkina et al., 2020). Sodium salt of hyaluronate is a widely used agent in pharmaceutical preparations such as injectables, eye drops and nasal solutions. Due to its thermal liability (Kalina et al., 2015), sterile drug products containing HA cannot be terminally sterilized and filtration trough 0.2 μm sterilizing grade filter is sterilization method of choice. Nevertheless, these solutions are often highly viscous and can be challenging to filter. Furthermore, HA concentration, as well as its molecular weight are directly related to final product critical quality attributes (CQA).

The aims of this study were to analyze the utilization of antibiotics before (2018, 2019) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020) and the practice of prescribing antibiotics in outpatient settings for COVID-19 patients during the 2020–2022 period. The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification/Defined Daily Dose methodology was used for the analysis of outpatient antibiotic utilization in the Republic of Srpska. The data was expressed in DDD/1000 inhabitants/day. The rate of antibiotics prescribed to COVID-19 outpatients was analyzed using medical record data from 16,565 patients registered with B34.2, U07.1, and U07.2 World Health Organization International Classification of Diseases 10th revision codes. During 2020, outpatient antibiotic utilization increased by 53.80% compared to 2019. At least one antibiotic was prescribed for 91.04%, 83.05%, and 73.52% of COVID-19 outpatients during 2020, 2021, and the first half of 2022, respectively. On a monthly basis, at least one antibiotic was prescribed for more than 55% of COVID-19 outpatients. The three most commonly prescribed antibiotics were azithromycin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and doxycycline. The trend of repurposing antibiotics for COVID-19 and other diseases treatment might be a double-edged sword. The long-term effect of this practice might be an increase in antimicrobial resistance and a loss of antibiotic effectiveness.

The family of hares ( The family of hares (Leporidae Leporidae) expresses signifi cant variation of morphological features under the ) expresses signifi cant variation of morphological features under the infl uence of environment and diet. The aim of this research was the craniometric analysis of hares from two infl uence of environment and diet. The aim of this research was the craniometric analysis of hares from two different habitat types, in order to confi rm the presence of different ecotypes of this species in Croatia. The different habitat types, in order to confi rm the presence of different ecotypes of this species in Croatia. The hares were sampled in the area of the island of Vir (Mediterranean habitat) and north-west Croatia (continental hares were sampled in the area of the island of Vir (Mediterranean habitat) and north-west Croatia (continental habitat). Craniometric measurements were conducted on 27 adult skulls, 12 female and 15 male skulls. 12 skulls habitat). Craniometric measurements were conducted on 27 adult skulls, 12 female and 15 male skulls. 12 skulls originated from the island of Vir and 15 skulls were from north-west Croatia. 25 skull measurements were made, originated from the island of Vir and 15 skulls were from north-west Croatia. 25 skull measurements were made, of which 6 were on the mandible for each skull. The results of the research showed signifi cant variations in skull of which 6 were on the mandible for each skull. The results of the research showed signifi cant variations in skull measurements between hares sampled on the island of Vir and in continental north-west Croatia. Of 19 cranium measurements between hares sampled on the island of Vir and in continental north-west Croatia. Of 19 cranium measurements, 10 measurements indicated statistical differences at P<0.01, 3 measurements indicated statistical measurements, 10 measurements indicated statistical differences at P<0.01, 3 measurements indicated statistical differences at P<0.05, and of the 6 analysed mandible measurements, 5 indicated statistical differences at differences at P<0.05, and of the 6 analysed mandible measurements, 5 indicated statistical differences at P<0.01. Cranium measurements that varied signifi cantly were greater for hares from north-west Croatia by 5.11 P<0.01. Cranium measurements that varied signifi cantly were greater for hares from north-west Croatia by 5.11 to 12.84%, and mandible measurements also tended to be greater by 7.18 to 16.70%. Variations in craniometric to 12.84%, and mandible measurements also tended to be greater by 7.18 to 16.70%. Variations in craniometric measurements according to sex were not signifi cant for both sites. The results indicate the presence of different measurements according to sex were not signifi cant for both sites. The results indicate the presence of different ecotypes of European hare in Mediterranean and continental habitats. ecotypes of European hare in Mediterranean and continental habitats.