Francois Gremy (1929 2014) has a Master’s in Physical Sciences, a Master’s in Mathematics (1, 2). He was interned in Paris Hospitals as a Doctor of Medicine, and late he become University Professor at several universities in France. Diploma of Higher Education in Theory of Probabilities he received from the Statistical Institute of Paris (1, 2). Early in his career he worked at the Faculty of Medicine of Tours. This experience led him to the Faculty of Medicine, Pitié-Salpêtrièr, where for 23 years, he was professor of Biophysiques, Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, a hospital biologist and Department Head of Medical Informatics in Paris Hospitals, as well as Director of the U-88’s Research Unit: ‘Public Health and Economical and Social Epidemiology’ at INSERM. In the Faculty of Medicine at Montpellier-Nimes, Professor Grémy was Professor of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, and Department Head of Bioinformatics at the Regional University Hospital Center, Montpellier. Between 1990 and 1996, in the same center, Professor Grémy was Professor of Public Health and Department Head of Medico-Hospital Economy and Preventive Actions. He was President of the Board of Directors of the National School of Public Health of Rennes, member of the National Universities’ Council of the High Committee of Public Health, and of the Scientific Council of PM.S–I. He founded in 1967 the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA). He is also the co-founder of the European Federation for Medical Informatics, and served as a member in the European Commissions’ activities evaluating informatics technologies in medicine. His scientific career, is distinguished because of his significant contribution as a researcher and as a forerunner in the field. His influence has ranged from hard sciences to clinical medicine, and he is recognized as a philosopher among medical informaticians. He acquired specific competence in Cardiology and Neurology, especially in neurophysiology. But he also got degrees in mathematics, biophysics, and more recently philosophy. He created the first laboratory for Medical informatics in the mid-60s at the Pitié-Salpêtrière School of Medicine in Paris. As founder of IFIP TC4 that gave rise to IMIA he is considered to be the IMIA father and a key European figure in the field. During MEDINFO 2004 Conference in San Francisco Francois Gremy received the first IMIA Award of Excellence for his outstanding contributions to IMIA and to health informatics. François was one of the founders of IMIA and his extensive research especially during his time at the University of Montpellier had left a lasting impression on his colleagues, students and friends in Europe and many other parts of the world. Francis Gremy was not only a pioneer in the Medical/Health informatics as new field, he had a holistic view on the large variety of medical informatics applications, with humanistic values to be respected and ethical guidelines to propose to follow. His ability to clarify complex matters and his sense of humor were part of his great teacher talents, associated to his very open mind to perform research in a multidisciplinary approach. His social engagement was also exceptional. He was an emblematic figure who opened new roads leading to patient centered Medical informatics, one of the best examples of the French culture, a Master and a friend (2).” As the first President of IMIA and for his collaboration when he was President of the School of Public Health of Rennes, Université Catholique de Louvain, acknowledged his key-role in the development of Medical informatics by nominating him “Doctor Honoris Causa” (2). François Grémy deals with evaluation of health information systems, where he was involved and describes the evolution of his personal ideas. He proposes the main distinction between systems where the user(s) remain(s) external from the running program, from the ones where the user(s) interacting with the program become(s) the main component of the system (1). Francois Gremy "addresses conventional methods of evaluation used in Medical Technology Assessment, how the whole knowledge in anthropology may contribute strongly to evaluation, and how the subjectivity of the user(s), how he (or they) react(s) with the computing machinery, is a main key to the success or failure of the whole system. He asserts that the temptation of the eradication of subjectivity as a condition for progress is deleterious for our civilization threatened by a comeback of barbarity, and is scientifically wrong (1).” His honors include the Janssen Prize from the Academy of Medicine; Silver Core International Federation for Information Processing; Chevalier Legion of Honor; Prize in Medicine and Public Health from the Institute of Health Sciences; and an Honorary Doctorate from Catholic University in Louvain, Belgium (2).

In the year 2013 Medical Archives journal has published a total of 125 articles (it was until now most extensive volume of the journal). Submission was carried out only electronically trough the Data Base Management System: www.scopemed.org. The journal has its own web site: www.avicenapublisher.org and it is possible to download full articles in PDF format. Most reviewers are from Bosnia and Herzegovina, but there is a significant number published articles from other countries. A large number of articles was returned to authors due to linguistic and technical shortcomings, but also relatively poor scientific content. There is ongoing work on the promotion of peer reviewing process to prevent deceits, but also to improve journal scientometrics indicators (impact factor, citation of the article, journal citations, the number and order of authors in articles, etc.). Rejection rate was up to 60%. The structure of the articles published in the Medical Archives during 2013 was dominated by the original articles - 102, followed by case reports - 11, reviews - 2 and research papers - 3. Each issue of the journal as a rule contain contributions such as: news, book reviews, in memoriam etc. Last year is also published the Guidelines with professional and educational features (1,2,3). The authors of the article published in the Medical Archives in 2013 were from 24 countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Iran, Qatar, Turkey, USA, Egypt, Albania, Austria, Macedonia, Malaysia, Sudan, Iraq, China, India, Greece, Germany, Netherlands, Japan, Morocco, Sweden, Canada, United Kingdom, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia. The largest number of authors was from Bosnia and Herzegovina - 72, then from Iran - 11; Kosovo - 12; Albania - 8, Turkey - 3, etc. The ratio of articles by authors from Bosnia and Herzegovina and abroad is 59 : 66. According to the medical fields of the published articles, the largest number was from clinical medicine - 111, followed by articles from preclinical disciplines - 8 and Public Health - 6. The largest number of articles was from the field of internal medicine - 38.7%, then, surgery - 20.7%, neuropsychiatry - 8.1%, gynecology and obstetrics - 8.1%, ophthalmology - 6.3%, oncology - 5.3%, etc. From the area of preclinical disciplines dominated articles on pharmacology and microbiology. The time period from acceptance to publication of articles (received/accepted time): 60-69 days was presented in 29 cases, then, 50-59 days in 24 cases, 40 -49 days in 20 cases, 70-79 days in 18 cases, while the interval - over 100 days was only in four cases. So, the largest number of papers was waiting for publication between 2 and 3 months. The reviewers of the articles published in Medical Archives in 2013 were: Damir Aganovic (BiH) Omid Aghadavoudi (Iran) John Alfred (Ethiopia) Kenan Arnautovic (USA) Mehmedali Azemi (Kosova) Adem Balic (BiH) Marion Ball (USA) Rusmir Baljic (BiH) Jacob Bergsland (Norwey) Alma Bravo (BiH) Marko Buksa (BiH) Genc Burazeri (Albania) Vesna Cukic (BiH) Vida Demarin (Croatia) Marianna Diomidous (Greece) Doncho Donev (Macedonia) Masoud Ferdosi (Iran) Armen Yuri Gasparyan (UK) Vjekoslav Gerc (BiH) Zulfo Godinjak (BiH) Mirko Grujic (BiH) Safet Guska (BiH) Izet Hozo (Croatia) Jacob Hofdijk (The Netherlands) Zlatko Hrgovic (Germany) Mohammad Adnan Hourani (Lebanon) Hilmi Islami (Kosova) Sebija Izetbegovic (BiH) Mahira Jahic (BiH) Naim Jerliu (Kosova) Ahmet Karabulut (Turkey) Jasenko Karamehic (BiH) Roya Kelishadi (Iran) Drilona Kishta (Kosova) Selim Kolgechi (Kosova) Mehmed Kulic (BiH) Asim Kurjak (Croatia) Elvedin Landzo (BiH) John Mantas (Greece) Sladjana Martinovic-Mitrovic (Croatia) Izet Masic (BiH) Tarik Masic (BiH) Azra Metovic (BiH) George Mihalas (Romania) Snjezana Milicevic (BiH) Dragica Milinkich (Australia) Moytaba Mojtahedzadeh (Iran) Emir Mujanovic (BiH) Miralem Music (BiH) Rasool Nouri (Iran) Murat Ozdemir (Turkey) Haris Pandza (BiH) Azis Pollozhani (Macedonia) Alden Prcic (BiH) Biljana Radovanovic (Serbia) Naser Ramadani (Kosova) Kheirabadi Gholam Reza (Iran) Halima Resic (BiH) Enver Roshi (Albania) Ali Mohammad Sabzghabaee (Iran) Mustafa Sefic (BiH) Osman Sinanovic (BiH) Suad Sivic (BiH) Sekib Sokolovic (BiH) Emir Solakovic (BiH) Genc Sulcebe (Albania) Enra Suljic (BiH) Jusuf Sabanovic (BiH) Zekerijah Sabanovic (BiH) Salih Tandir (BiH) Nahid Tavakoli (Iran) Aygen Turkmen (Turkey) Muharem Zildzic (BiH) Lejla Zunic (BiH) Josip Vincelj (Croatia) Zora Vukobrat (BiH) Jack Wellt (Ethiopia) Peter Wolf (Austria) Figure 1 Medical Archives articles listed on PubMed Figure 2 Article review history on Medical Archives online review system To all of reviewers Editorial Board of Medical Archives cordially thank for their participation and contribution in improving of its contents. From Table 1. it is clear that the h-index of the oldest biomedical journal Medical Archives is significantly higher with h-index of 10, which means that the scientist who in this journal published 10 papers have at least 10 citations for each work in other journals. Medical Archives is now abstracted and indexed in 24 on-line databases. Last year we updated Instruction for authors and Guidelines for preparation of manuscripts for submitting articles electronically via www.avicenapublisher.org web site Table 1 Presentation of biomedical journals in B&H ordered by the h-index values (2012) (4)

Introduction: The quality of teaching at the universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as abroad depends on many factors, among which are: adequate space for teaching, teaching staff, equipment and technical aids to assist the teaching process, which are in accordance with existing standards and norms. Opinion of students plays an important role in measuring the quality of education. The goal: was to compare the quality of the teaching process students which study according to the Bologna system and students who are studying according to the old system. Material and methods: We used a questionnaire containing variables relevant to test the success of the teaching process at the Faculty of Medicine in Sarajevo. The survey was conducted among the students of the sixth year of the Medical Faculty in Sarajevo. The study included 138 students of which 85 students who are studying according to the Bologna system and 53 students who are studying according the old system. Results: The results showed that the students of both groups assessed similarly basic elements of the teaching process. A statistically significant difference is found in the evaluation of the relationship of teachers, assistants, the number of students and the evaluation of space for teaching, practice and studying. Students of the Bologna system believe that assistants should offer more empirical examples and that the exercises are not well designed, unlike the old system students who are satisfied with the concept of practical exercises. A small number of students, in both groups had the opportunity to exercise on the model how to administer injections, while the model for intubation and simulation model used more students of the Bologna system. From the baseline 55% of Bologna students and 48% of students which study according to old system, considered that they are ready to work independently. Discussion: Quality of medical education at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo evaluated by students studying under the old system was not satisfactory in a number of variables that has been shown in this study. Students who are studying according to the Bologna system are more satisfied and most of the variables that were used in this research were evaluated positively. Conclusion: Although in this study is pointed to the many positive features of the Bologna system, in Bosnia and Herzegovina still exist many shortcomings in this study system. It is necessary to carry out many of the changes in our universities through the Bologna process. Primary it is necessary changes to studies curricula, their alignment with the programs of other European universities, modernization of facilities and their alignment with the programs of other European universities, a new method of selection of teachers and their engagement at the university.

ABSTRACT Among the priority basic human rights, without a doubt, are the right to life and health-social protection. The process of implementation of human rights in the everyday life of an ordinary citizen in the post-war recovery of Bosnia and Herzegovina faces huge objective and subjective difficulties. Citizens need to be affordable adequate healthcare facilities that will be open to all on equal terms. The term hospital activity implies a set of measures, activities and procedures that are undertaken for the purpose of treatment, diagnosis and medical rehabilitation of patients in the respective health institutions. Principles of hospital care should include Comprehensiveness (Hospital care is available to all citizens equally); Continuity (Provided is continuous medical care to all users); Availability (Provided approximately equal protection of rights for all citizens). Education of health professionals: The usual threats to patient safety include medical errors, infections occurred in the hospital, unnecessary exposure to high doses of radiation and the use of the wrong drug. Everyday continuing education in the profession of a doctor is lifelong.

This editorial is dedicated in honor of Morris F. Collen, MD, a pioneer in the field of medical informatics. During his remarkable career, Dr. Collen’s has made many important contributions not only to the field of medical informatics, but also to the public health and the creation of new models of payment and prevention. His endeavors and ideas found fertile ground and left a mark not only in the national, but also in the international setting.

The panel intended to collect data, opinions and views for a systematic and multiaxial approach for a comprehensive presentation of “History of Medical Informatics”, treating both general (global) characteristics, but emphasizing the particular features for Europe. The topic was not only a subject of large interest but also of great importance in preparing a detailed material for celebration of forty years of medical informatics in Europe. The panel comprised a list of topics, trying to cover all major aspects to be discussed. Proposals of staging the major periods of medical informatics history were also discussed.

The health informatics profession in Bosnia and Herzegovina has relatively long history. Thirty five years from the introduction of the first automatic manipulation of data, thirty years from the establishment of Society for Medical Informatics BiH, twenty years from the establishment of the Scientific journal “Acta Informatica Medica (Acta Inform Med”, indexed in PubMed, PubMed Central Scopus, Embase, etc.), twenty years on from the establishment of the first Cathedra for Medical Informatics on Biomedical Faculties in Bosnia and Herzegovina, ten years on from the introduction of the method of “Distance learning” in medical curriculum. The author of this article is eager to mark the importance of the above mentioned Anniversaries in the development of Health informatics in Bosnia and Herzegovina and have attempted, very briefly, to present the most significant events and persons with essential roles throughout this period.

International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) and European Federation of Medical Informatics are scientific associations which represents Health/Medical informatics as scientific and profesional disciplines. Those associations have long tradition in spreading knowledge, experiences and strategies in organization, practical applications and education within Health, Medical and Biomedical informatics in approximately 60 countries the world. In this review we present basic facts about IMIA and EFMI.who celebrate this 50 years of their establishing as professional associations.

Medical informatics, as scientific discipline, has to do with all aspects of understanding and promoting the effective organization, analysis, management, and use of information in health care. While the field of Medical informatics shares the general scope of these interests with some other health care specialities and disciplines, Medical (Health) informatics has developed its own areas of emphasis and approaches that have set it apart from other disciplines and specialities. For the last fifties of 20th century and some more years of 21st century, Medical informatics had the five time periods of characteristic development. In this paper author shortly described main scientific innovations and inventors who created development of Medical informatics.

Introduction: Drug addiction is one of the most prominent problems in many countries in transition, including Bosnia and Herzegovina. Age limit of drug addiction is shifted to the younger age groups, especially is troubling the increase in number of injection drug users. Our study was aimed to investigate the habits, attitudes and practices related to drug use among young people from the area of Sarajevo city. We can still feel the effects of the war, among which are the most important life without closest relatives, banishment and various types of war and post-war trauma. Goals: To determine the frequency of substance abuse among adolescents; Identify potentially relevant biological, psychological and socio economic characteristics of the adolescents; To explore adolescents attitudes towards drug use; Examine the general level of knowledge of adolescents about drugs and their effects. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on randomized sample of 502 students in two primary and three secondary schools in Sarajevo and Gracanica. To study used survey method. Survey instrument was a self-made questionnaire with the research variables. The obtained data were processed by a computer and statistically correlated. The study is of combined, retrospective, prospective and transversal type. Results: To the question “How many times have you consumed cannabis in the last 30 days” about 6% of the respondents have tried once or twice, while 1.5% use it daily, ecstasy have tried one or two times 2.25%, while 0.5% have daily use. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that students at schools in Sarajevo consumed drugs 50% more than the children in Gracanica. Analyzing the age at which the subjects consumed the drug for the first time, we came to the conclusion that in the third year of high school only 8% of adolescents have tried any drugs before they turned 15 years. This percentage among eighth graders is about three times higher. Conclusion: Presented research results clearly suggest a strong contamination of the living environment of young people with different types of psychoactive substances. Offer of drugs is extensive and distribution network covers all the places where young people visits, including schools. It is clear that today’s teenagers sooner or later hear about drugs, see, get in touch with a “junkie” and have a chance to take the drugs if they want to. From our research, we found that the following factors: Marital status of parents, employment of parents, the number of family members, type of school and satisfaction with oneself are not crucial for the eventual drug use among young people. While, the biological status of the parents, educational status of parents, financial status of parents, the tendency of parents tobacco and alcohol use, adolescents’ attitude to parents, the harmony of relationships between parents, school performance, positive attitude toward the so-called light drugs, represent significant risk factors for adolescent populations.

Introduction: The U.S. pharmaceutical industry is defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as “companies engaged in researching, developing, manufacturing and marketing of medicines and biological for human or veterinary use”. Besides its main role in improving human health, the US pharmaceutical industry represents one of the most critical, key decision makers’ lobbying prone and competitive sectors in the economy. The cost in the environment of very limited government price regulation remains one of the major problems fuelling aggregate health care cost inflation. Pharmaceuticals have created huge benefits for public health and economic productivity by the means of saving lives, increasing life expectancy, reducing illness related suffering, preventing surgeries and decreasing hospital stays. Purpose: The goal of this review paper is to show the present conditions and future trends of the pharmaceutical industry in the U.S. Methodology: This paper represents a thorough literature review of the multifaceted sources including: studies, books, peer reviewed journals, U.S. government sources (i.e. U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, etc.). Discussion: In the thirty years pharmaceutical companies have consistently developed and launched new medicines, bringing hope to sick or – at risk patients. They also usually provide above the average financial returns for its shareholders. U.S. pharmaceutical companies had as their goal to discover blockbuster drugs. Blockbuster drugs are generally defined as drugs that solve medical problems common to hundreds of millions of people and, at the same time generate large sales increases and profits for the pharmaceutical companies. The main approach of these companies includes huge investments in research and development (R&D), innovation, marketing and sales. The trend analysis shows that for the most part the era of blockbuster drugs is nearing an end. Conclusion: Numerous blockbuster drugs will be coming off patent in the next few years, opening the way to generics and eliminating a major source of the industry’s profits. Still, there is plenty of room for improvement in the medications people take while there is no shortage of human suffering to alleviate. It is doubtful whether big pharmaceutical firms will be able to pursue these goals within the old model of developing exclusive new drugs that can be sold further in the future. In the past, medicines for the ailments that were never before addressed, like anti-cholesterol or anti-depression drugs were developed. Currently, and in the future, it is expected that only blockbuster modifications will be developed. This phenomenon is expected to create market saturation, which will significantly reduce profits. The business model that drove the major drug makers’ success is not working anymore. Pharmaceutical companies must create new ways and to bring new ideas. The survivors will be those that market strategies supported by innovative approaches and winning capabilities.

In scientific circles, the reference is the information that is necessary to the reader in identifying and finding used sources. The basic rule when listing the sources used is that references must be accurate, complete and should be consistently applied. On the other hand, quoting implies verbatim written or verbal repetition of parts of the text or words written by others that can be checked in original. Authors of every new scientific article need to explain how their study or research fits with previous one in the same or similar fields. A typical article in the health sciences refers to approximately 20-30 other articles published in peer reviewed journals, cite once or hundreds times. Citations typically appear in two formats: a) as in-text citations where the sources of information are briefly identified in the text; or b) in the reference list at the end of the publication (book chapter, manuscript, article, etc.) that provides full bibliographic information for each source. Group of publishers met in Vancouver in 1978 and decided to prescribe uniform technical propositions for publication. Adopted in the 1979 by the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, then the International Committee of Medical Journals Editors (ICMJE), whose review in 1982 entered the official application by 300 international biomedical journals. Authors writing articles for publication in biomedical publications used predominantly citation styles: Vancouver style, Harward style, PubMed style, ICMJE, APA, etc. The paper gives examples of all of these styles of citation to the authors in order to facilitate their applications. Also in this paper is given the review about the problem of plagiarism which becomes more common in the writing of scientific and technical articles in biomedicine.