AimCOVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has had a profound impact on global health, including in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which faced unique challenges due to limited testing and high mortality rates. This analysis aimed to identify mutations and detect different SARS-CoV-2 lineages across four pandemic waves.MethodologyA total of 127 SARS-CoV-2 samples were collected and sequenced from patients from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, providing a comprehensive overview of the viral genetic diversity in this region. Two sequencing platforms, Ion Torrent and Illumina, were used, whereby 37 samples were sequenced on the Ion Torrent platform, while others were sequenced on the Illumina platform.ResultsThis study presents a genomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina over four distinct pandemic waves, spanning from March 2020 to April 2023. Examination of genomic variations across these waves revealed key mutations associated with transmission and potential virulence.ConclusionThese genomic insights into SARS-CoV-2 evolution in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina emphasizes the importance of continuous surveillance to understand viral evolution and strengthen public health responses to future pandemics.
Mental health is deteriorating far and fast globally post-COVID. Though there were already over one billion people living with mental disorders pre-pandemic, in the first year of COVID-19 alone, the prevalence of anxiety and depression soared by 25% worldwide. In light of the chronic shortages of mental health resources and talents, along with disruptions of available health services caused by pandemic-related restrictions, technology is widely believed to hold the key to addressing the rising mental health crises. However, hurdles such as fragmented and oftentimes suboptimal patient protection measures substantially undermine technology’s potential to address the global mental health crises reliably and at scale. To shed light on these issues, this paper aims to discuss the post-pandemic mental health challenges and opportunities, and the strategies and solutions the global mental health community could leverage to protect and elevate society’s mental health in the long run.
Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) often results in significant pain and disability, and histopathologic (HP) evaluation of intervertebral discs (IVDs) offers critical insights into treatment outcomes. This prospective observational study explores HP changes in IVDs and their association with clinical outcomes following surgical treatment for LDH. A cohort of 141 patients undergoing MRI-confirmed LDH surgery underwent HP evaluation using a semi-quantitative HP degeneration score (HDS). Preoperatively and at a six-month follow-up, the comprehensive clinical assessment included the Oswestry disability index (ODI) and visual analog scale (VAS), with a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) calculated from ODI and VAS. Results indicated significant associations between higher HDS and adverse clinical outcomes, including persistent pain and greater disability post-surgery. Specifically, an HDS ≥ 7 was predictive (OR ═ 6.25, 95% CI: 2.56–15.23) of disability outcomes measured with MCID-ODI (AUC: 0.692, 95% CI: 0.609–0.767, P < 0.001), and HDS ≥ 8 was predictive (OR ═ 1.72, 95% CI: 1.04–2.77) of persistent pain measured with MCID-VAS (AUC ═ 0.628, 95% CI: 0.598–0.737, P ═ 0.008), highlighting the diagnostic potential of HDS in assessing postoperative recovery. This study underscores the potential of HP evaluation using HDS to provide valuable insights into disease progression and outcomes in LDH patients, complementing conventional radiologic methods. The findings support the application of personalized treatment strategies based on HP findings while acknowledging challenges in interpretation and clinical implementation.
Simple Summary This study explores hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in glioblastoma development, progression, and treatment. Reviewing 104 relevant studies, it highlights diverse global contributions, with China leading at 23.1%. The most productive year was 2019, contributing 11.5% of the studies. Key factors studied included HIF1α, HIF2α, osteopontin, and cavolin-1, involving pathways such as GLUT1, GLUT3, VEGF, PI3K-Akt-mTOR, and ROS. HIF expression correlates with glioblastoma progression, survival, neovascularization, glucose metabolism, migration, and invasion. Overcoming treatment resistance and the lack of biomarkers is crucial for integrating HIF-related therapies into glioblastoma treatment to improve patient outcomes. Abstract Background: The study aims to investigate the role of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in the development, progression, and therapeutic potential of glioblastomas. Methodology: The study, following PRISMA guidelines, systematically examined hypoxia and HIFs in glioblastoma using MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, and Scopus. A total of 104 relevant studies underwent data extraction. Results: Among the 104 studies, global contributions were diverse, with China leading at 23.1%. The most productive year was 2019, accounting for 11.5%. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) was frequently studied, followed by hypoxia-inducible factor 2 alpha (HIF2α), osteopontin, and cavolin-1. Commonly associated factors and pathways include glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) receptors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). HIF expression correlates with various glioblastoma hallmarks, including progression, survival, neovascularization, glucose metabolism, migration, and invasion. Conclusion: Overcoming challenges such as treatment resistance and the absence of biomarkers is critical for the effective integration of HIF-related therapies into the treatment of glioblastoma with the aim of optimizing patient outcomes.
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