<p style="text-align: justify;">Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with chronic inflammation recognized as a critical factor in its pathogenesis. This review focuses on the roles of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-17A (IL-17A), alongside the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10), in CRC development and progression. The reason we chose theese cytokines amoung others is that we found certain number of similar research in recent literature for comparision, condidering this topic is quite rare. Elevated levels of IL-6 and IL-17A have been linked to enhanced tumor proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis, highlighting their contribution to a tumor-promoting microenvironment. Conversely, IL-10 exhibits a dual role by suppressing inflammation yet potentially facilitating immune evasion and tumor progression in certain contexts. Understanding the complex interplay and signaling pathways of these cytokines may improve CRC risk assessment, diagnosis, prognosis, and offer new avenues for targeted therapies. This review synthesizes current evidence from recent literature to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of IL-6, IL-17A, and IL-10 in colorectal cancer.</p>

Introduction: Acquired gallbladder diseases in the pediatric population, although rare, are becoming increasingly recognized in clinical practice. The growing number of pediatric cholecystectomies may be attributed to improved diagnostic modalities as well as to shifts in etiological patterns, including the rising prevalence of obesity and metabolic disorders among children and adolescents.Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical and laboratory presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of pediatric patients who underwent cholecystectomy at the Clinic for Pediatric Surgery, University of Sarajevo, between 2010 and 2024.Materials and Methods: This retrospective descriptive study included 41 patients who underwent cholecystectomy. Medical records were reviewed to collect data on clinical presentation and disease course. Based on the median age within the sample, patients were stratified into two groups: children under 14 years and those aged 14 years or older.Results: 41 patients were included in the study, comprising 25 (61%) girls and 16 (39%) boys. Between 2010 and 2024, the number of cholecystectomized patients increased by 11.2% annually (p = 0.0057). The median patient age was 14 years. The mean BMI was 23.2 ± 4.66 kg/m²; 51.22% of patients were overweight, and 4.88% were obese. The most frequent diagnosis was chronic calculous cholecystitis, confirmed in 36 patients (87.8%). Spherocytosis was documented in 7 patients (17.7%). Multiple gallstones were present in 29 patients (74.36%), and the majority of sonographically detected gallstones (31 patients, 79.49%) were smaller than 5 mm. Smaller stones tended to occur more frequently (p = –0.53, p < 0.001). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed in 37 patients (90.24%). The average length of hospitalization decreased by approximately 11.9% annually (p < 0.01). Gallstone color was reported in the histopathological findings of 16 patients (41.03%), of which 9 were cholesterol (56.25%) and 7 pigment stones (43.75%). With each additional year of age, the risk of undergoing cholecystectomy increased by 21.5% (p < 0.01). Pigment stones were significantly more frequent in children under 14, while cholesterol stones predominated in those aged 14 years or older (p = 0.0406).Conclusion: The incidence of gallbladder disease is continuously increasing in the pediatric population. Obesity and older pediatric age are significant risk factors for cholelithiasis and cholecystitis. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains the standard treatment approach.

A 16-year-old girl with an asymptomatic large splenic cyst. The disease was discovered by an accidental ultrasound of the abdomen due to a urinary infection. The patient was followed up conservatively for 3 years, and after the gradual enlargement of the cyst, laparoscopic surgery was indicated. The operation and postoperative follow-up for a period of 6 months is satisfactory.

Introduction: The role of Radio frequent Generator (RF) has been extended from simple tumor ablation to routine hepatic resection. RF energy precoagulates the tissue and thus allows the closure of small blood vessels and bile ducts. The development of surgical techniques and modern technological advances have enabled liver resections to be significantly surgically better controlled in the sense of bleeding, and are more successful and safer for patients. The RF generator has its advantages and disadvantages and as such can be equally used in resective liver surgery. Aim: Display the intraoperative and postoperative complications among patients that had been subjected to liver resection using a RF generator (RF resection), compared to those that had been subjected to liver resection without the use of RF generators (classical liver resection methods of CC resection). Material and methods: The study included 60 patients of both sexes which had resective operative surgery or metastasectomy on the liver due to the basic process. The study was conducted at the Clinic for General and Abdominal Surgery of the Clinical Center of the University of Sarajevo in a four-year period. The study was designed as a comparative study of outcome and postoperative complications of surgical treatment, i.e. resective liver interventions using two operating techniques (RF–liver resection and Classical resection techniques on the liver). Results: The highest number of surgical procedures was due to colorectal cancer. A slightly smaller number was performed due to primary liver cancer and gallbladder cancer. The highest number of surgical interventions remain on non-anatomic resections. Smaller number remains to large resective operations. The length of hospitalization was significantly correlated with blood loss (r = 713 p = 0,000) and the average hospitalization time ranged from 10.5 to 53.3 days. Conclusion: We have shown that the use of RF generators does not significantly reduce intraoperative and postoperative complications. There is a justification for using both techniques for resection on the liver. The resective liver operation depends mostly on the personal stance and the surgeons training.