The education system at all levels in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), in an emerging and small open transitional economy is still insufficiently focused on strengthening the entrepreneurial spirit of young people, as well as encouraging young people to self-employment as a career option. The purpose of the research is to analyze the development of the entrepreneurial ecosystem of University of Banja Luka (UNIBL) and to model the future contours of a reformed modern medium-sized public university in small developing economies, with the focus on building campuses as entrepreneurial ecosystems. From empirical research carried out in 2018 by using a factor and correlation analysis, it can be concluded that UNIBL does not have the characteristics of an entrepreneurial university and that it is necessary to transform the university. A modified model of the entrepreneurial ecosystem of the University of Chicago adapted to small transition emerging economies was proposed.

Youth unemployment rate in Bosnia andHerzegovina (BiH) is one of the largest in the world. Ahigh percentage of unemployed and inactive young peopleis the result of on the one hand, insufficiently rapid economicdevelopment of small post-transition economies andon the other hand, the mismatch of supply and demand inthe labor market. In the long run, reformed modern formaleducation at all levels, as well as non-formal education,particularly entrepreneurship and STEAMeducation, could make a significant contribution to economicgrowth and development of small post-transitiondeveloping economies, by strengthening the entrepreneurialecosystem of educational institutions at all levels and thedevelopment of entrepreneurship. The goal of the researchis, through the review of empirical studies, to analyze successfulpractices of applying entrepreneurship educationand building the entrepreneurial ecosystem in primary, secondaryand higher education and modeling strategic directionsof curriculum reforms at all levels of the educationsystem in small post-transition developing economies, witha focus on the reform of the education system of higher educationin the Republic of Srpska and Bosnia and Herzegovina.We used historical method, method ofclassification, method of analysis and synthesis, and a casestudy. In the case study, on the example of the University ofBanja Luka (UNIBL), we can conclude that UNIBL stilldoes not have the characteristics of entrepreneurship universityand that the reform of the University is necessary.

Tobacco consumption continues to be behavior engaged in by a large percentage of Bosnia&Herzegovina (BiH) citizens. According to the official statistics, nearly half of the state’s adults, that is about 1,200,600 people, consume tobacco product on a daily bases. The state excise policy is one of the main available tool for reducing smoking prevalence because the cigarette prices are under direct impact of this policy. The specific excise on cigarettes introduced in BiH in 2009 and have increased every year so it was the main driver of cigarettes price growth. In order to provide research-based evidence for more effective tobacco taxation policies in BIH, in this paper we estimate price elasticity of demand for cigarettes using the macro level data for the period 2008 to 2017, on a semi-annual basis. The results have shown that increase in prices of cigarettes have statistically significant impact on cigarettes consumption, at significance level of 1%. The estimated price elasticity coefficient is in the range from -0.71 to -0.83, depends on the selected control variables used in the model. It means that increase in real cigarettes prices for 10% led to the decrease in cigarettes consumption in the range from 7.1% to 8.3%.

Abstract Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) has a relatively low level of entrepreneurial activity as evidenced by GEM reports but also has an economic structure in which SMEs account for about 99% of the total number of enterprises. The goal of this paper was to examine the level of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and influence of EO on business performances of SMEs in the Republic of Srpska (RS), one of the two BiH entities, in which the empirical research was done. We have used adapted Covin & Slevin (1989) version of the questionnaire. We found out that only 12.28% of sampled SMEs have all three dimensions of EO pronounced. The least pronounced dimension is risk-taking and the most pronounced dimension is proactiveness. Our research did not confirm the impact of EO on selected indicators of business performances.

New technologies are leading to changes in business models. Skills needed to perform most jobs are changing profoundly. Their acquisition and development are becoming crucial for the success and modernization of the labour market offering new forms of flexibility and security for job seekers, employees and employers. The era of automation necessitates the development of not only digital, but also social and emotional skills. Development of creativity, innovation, analytical and critical thinking, communication, negotiation and decision-making skills are gaining in importance. These skills, an integral part of entrepreneurship competence, are developed through entrepreneurship education. In today's world, this form of education is approached not only in the narrow sense, as a process of preparing for business creation, but also in a wider context, as a process of developing entrepreneurial mindset and skills and personal qualities that have universal application. There are several approaches, methods and models of entrepreneurship education. Serbia does not yet have a clearly defined strategy for developing this type of education. Aimed at providing recommendations for the selection of optimal solutions, an assessment study of the effects of the 'Student Company' method of entrepreneurship education, recognized globally as a model of good practice, was carried out within our education system. The research has shown that, according to the assessment of 175 teachers involved in the programme, the 'Student Company' method also gives excellent results in our country. This speaks in favour of its inclusion in all secondary schools in Serbia as an informal type of education.

In conditions of significant high youth unemployment rates in the transition countries of Southeast Europe, the subject of special interest of public administration and the academic community is researching the connection between stimulating entrepreneurial activity and launching independent entrepreneurial ventures and self-employment. Also, the subjectof research interest is factors influencing the entrepreneurial affinities andintentions of youth, who are finishing the process of formal education andtrying to get involved in the world of work, either as employees or employers.The subject research was conducted on a purposive (deliberate)sample of 448 respondents in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) andSerbia, collected through online questionnaire, with the aim of comparingcareer aspirations of youth towards entrepreneurial and managerial jobs.The research is an extension of the interest of the academic community,complements the previous intense research from the region of SoutheastEurope and gives a scientific contribution by modifying and testingpreviously conducted empirical research in BiH and Croatia (Umihanić,Đonlagić Alibegović & Alfirević, 2018), extending the sample to Serbia,where significant research of this kind has not been conducted. The results,obtained by using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (F-Test) andPost Hoc Fisher’s LSD test for testing research hypothesis, indicate thatthere are significant differences in the career orientation of the surveyedstudents between three observed countries. In Croatia and Serbia, the impactof society and national culture is neither favourable for entering entrepreneurship,nor for a managerial career. Attitudes are somewhat morefavourable in BiH, but not significantly more favourable in comparison toSerbia and Croatia.

This paper analytically presents the factors of entrepreneurial intentions of students in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The research problem can be defined by the question whether today a university can be called an “entrepreneurial university” which educates, prepares and encourages students to start their own business as a career option independently? Do economic policies of small countries contribute to their significant role in encouraging entrepreneurship, and what are predictors of entrepreneurial intentions of students? The study was conducted on a sample of 351 students at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Banja Luka in April 2016, based on previously empirically verified questionnaire that measures the support of closer social environment (friends and family), self-efficacy and acceptability of entrepreneurship as a career, as well as the entrepreneurial intention, through three dimensions of time - starting a business immediately after the end of their formal academic education, within 5 years after graduation and in an indefinite moment in the future. The methods of descriptive statistics, factor and correlation analyses have been applied. The aim of the research is to determine the predictors of entrepreneurial intentions of students in small countries in transition in the case ofstudents from BiH at the early stage during their education and whether their entrepreneurialintentions are influenced by the economic policies through the constructionof entrepreneurial infrastructure institutions? The research results indicate theexistence of clearly defined and mutually comparable latent variables that can beidentified as factors of entrepreneurial intentions of students. Personal competenceand motivation of students are predictors of entrepreneurial intentions, which isnot the case with the “entrepreneurial university” and the institutional support forentrepreneurs who are beginners.

The entrepreneurial involvement of educational institutions at the elementary and the secondary educational levels has not been systematically analyzed in the existing body of literature, although the decentralization and autonomy of educational institutions have been emphasized in educational policies since the 1980s. This study provides an empirical analysis of the entrepreneurial orientation, as related to the schools in Croatia and Bosnia & Herzegovina and their principals. The influence of this orientation is analyzed from the perspectives of principals’ personal job satisfaction, perceived contribution to the society and the perception of the social role/influence of principalship. The empirical findings show that the entrepreneurial orientation of schools and their principals in Croatia and B&H are closely inter-related. More enterprising principals are also more satisfied with their jobs, and they feel to be contributing to the society more. However, the same does not apply to their perceived social standing/status, which could be attributed to their intrinsic motivation, but such a conclusion needs to be verified by further research. The results of this study show that the entrepreneurial orientation(s) of schools and school principals should be considered as useful descriptors of individual and institutional behaviour in the educational systems of South-East Europe.