A significant number of small farms in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) produce berry fruits. Some of them achieve good economic results, however many have significant potential for further improvement. Due to several beneficial factors, many farms decide for cultivation of a single berry fruit activity, however this decision implies a potential risk in case of unfavourable production or market conditions for that crop. The aim of this analysis is therefore to observe the extent of risk reduction by application of different diversification strategies, using two types of berry fruits; and the most efficient production plans for such a farm from a risk perspective. A linear program was utilized to prepare an optimal production plan, while quadratic risk programming served to analyse risk. Results show that diversification could be a significantly important possibility for risk reduction on such farm type. It is possible to reduce risk with capital and labour less intensive production activities. Production of the highly intensive strawberry variety Clery has highest Estimated Gross Margin (EGM), but is also associated with very high risk. If one includes raspberries or blueberries into the production plan, it is possible to significantly reduce risk while almost keeping EGM at the same level. On the other hand, if the farmer is risk averse, the highest opportunity cost for risk reduction on such a farm type is in production of raspberry and blueberry, where it is necessary to give up 3.25 EUR on average for decreasing risk for one EUR. In the other two scenarios, production of strawberry – blueberry and strawberry – raspberry, risk gradient values are almost the same with amount 2.57 EUR sand 2.56 EUR, respectively.

This paper aims to analyse the level, structure and number of direct payment schemes, the achieved level of harmonization with the common agricultural policy (CAP), and to point out the threats and challenges of the agricultural sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&amp;H). The complexity of the political system in B&amp;H has negative effect on the overall economic development of the country, and especially on sensitive sectors such as agriculture. As a result, agricultural policy in B&amp;H shows great deviations from the foreseen objectives, which are often changed without clearly defined development goals. This is also reflected in the fact that direct support is the most important form of support for agricultural producers in B&amp;H. In the structure of direct payments, considerably higher share of payments is per output than per hectare/livestock unit. Although B&amp;H as a clear objective has European integration and harmonization of agricultural policy with the CAP, this process is slow, with no visible signs, without political readiness for faster improvement, and will in the future require significant changes.<br><br>

Abstract The most popular measure of the National Rural Development Programme in Romania for 2007-2013 was the measure 121 addressing the support for modernisation of agriculture While the success at the level of the Programme is measured by the achievement level of the assumed indicators the present analysis is focused on differences between the volumes of proposed, selected, contracted and concluded projects. These differences as observations and findings contribute as learning points to the further use of public support for investments in agriculture by three main categories of users: the administration with the procedural enhancement in programme implementation, the beneficiaries improving their approach and readiness for applications/projects and the consultants in perfecting their tools and work to support and smoothen the resources transfer in the process.

Tipicni proizvodi su jos iz predbiblijskog vremena smatrani kulturnim blagom naroda i država o cemu svjedoce nađeni zapisi na vise geografskih lokacija. Kao takvi su se stitili legalnim sredstvima adekvatnim vremenu i prostoru njihovog postojanja. Termin tipicnih proizvoda kao predmeta intelektualnog vlasnistva prvi put je uveden 1883. godine kada je potpisan prvi multilateralni sporazum-Pariska konvencija o zastiti geografskih oznaka. Od tada do danas potpisan je niz dokumenata kojim se regulise pravo raspolaganja i prometovanja tipicnim proizvodima. Sve aktuelne varijacije i podvarijacije nacina zastite geografskih oznaka mogu svrstati zemlje u tri grupe i to: (1) Zemlje koje stite geografske oznake posebnim zakonom tzv. sui generis sistemom, (2) Zemlje koje stite geografske oznake kao trgovacke marke, sertifikacijske marke, kolektivne marke, ili nekim drugim zakonskim sredstvom, (3) Zemlje koje formalno ne prepoznaju i ne stite geografske oznake.  Na globalnom nivou, 111 zemalja, ukljucujuci 27 zemalja EU, stiti oznake geografskog porijekla sui generis sistemom. 56 zemalja stiti geografske oznake putem trgovackih marki, sertifikacijskih marki, ili kolektivnih marki, gdje spadaju Australija, Kanada, Japan i SAD. Veliki broj zemalja pored sui generis sistema ima dodatnu opciju zastite geografskih oznaka kao trgovackih marki kao sto je slucaj Kine.